Environmental assessment of the deep-water ecosystem to the West of the British Isles Pascal Lorance & Verena Trenkel, Ifremer, France Leonie Dransfeld, Marine Institute, Ireland Chris Barrio Frojan, Andrew Kenny & Phil Large, Cefas, UK

Background Ecosystem-based management requires information for monitoring of changes in state and dynamics of exploited populations, assemblages and communities In the wider perspective of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008) all ecosystem components are monitored and management actions are required if they are not in good environmental health Aim: Collate information for assessing the status of the deep-water ecosystem to the West of the British Isles and identify data and knowledge gaps.

Studied continental slope area Area considered: - continental slope and seabed 400-500 to 2000m - continental slope 200 - 400 m (grey area) not included

Ecosystem description Turtles (minor in the areas) Marine mammals Birds Fish Soft sediment fauna Zooplankton Vertebrates Benthos Sedimentary substrate VMEs Detritus, bacteria & micro-organisms Surface Phytoplankton Primary producers Environmental features Carbonated mounds Other features Hydrology Nektonic invertebrates

Ecosystem description Turtles (minor in the areas) Marine mammals Birds Fish Soft sediment fauna Zooplankton Vertebrates Benthos Sedimentary substrate VMEs Detritus, bacteria & micro-organisms Surface Phytoplankton Primary producers Environmental features Carbonated mounds Other features Hydrology Nektonic invertebrates Acidity Physical parameters Water circulation Hydrology Temperature Current and internal waves Oxygen

Turtles (minor in the areas) Marine mammals Birds Fish Soft sediment fauna Zooplankton Vertebrates Benthos Sedimentary substrate VMEs Detritus, bacteria & micro-organisms Surface Phytoplankton Primary producers Environmental features Carbonated mounds Other features Hydrology Nektonic invertebrates Benthos CWC reefs Coral gardens Sponge communities VMEs

level of disaggregation depends upon data availablity Turtles (minor in the areas) Marine mammals Birds Fish Soft sediment fauna Zooplankton Vertebrates Benthos Sedimentary substrate VMEs Detritus, bacteria & micro-organisms Surface Phytoplankton Primary producers Environmental features Carbonated mounds Other features Hydrology Nektonic invertebrates Benthos Vertebrates Exploited species Fish community Vulnerable species Fish Other sharks, rays and chimaeras Leafscale gulper sharks Portuguese dogfish Orange roughy level of disaggregation depends upon data availablity

Qualitative descriptors for good environmental status (EU MSFD 2008) Biodiversity Biological diversity is maintained. The quality and occurrence of habitats and the distribution and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions. Introduced species Commercial species Food web Eutrophication Sea floor integrity Hydrology Contaminants Seafood Litter Disturbance

Approach for defining GES For each qualitative descriptor Identify ecosystem component Select pertinent metrics for each component Determine reference levels/points Assemble data and information Carry out initial state assessment (2012 for EU MFSD) Identify anthropogenic pressures responsible for adverse impact GES = good environmental status

Anthropogenic pressures and impacts Examples Physical loss Smothering (man-made structures) Sealing (permanent construction) Other physical disturbance Introduction of noise or light marine litter Biological disturbance Selective extraction of species (fishing)

Elements for biodiversity status assessment At species level Non-commercial fish species Corals Lophelia pertusa Nezumia aequalis Density  Mean length  Not GES in South Impact by bottom trawls Neat & Burns (2010) Expected GOOD Ospar (2009) Eg OSPAR habitats: Lophelia reefs Coral gardens… Set of relevant species and habitats

Elements for commercial species Status Fract. expl. Metrics Expected Good (currently improving) blue ling mature catch/LPUE, length, age black scabbardfish pre-adult catch/LPUE, Bad roundnose grenadier all harvest rate 0.12-0.5, survey orange roughy all landings, survey 2005 2 siki sharks adult catch/LPUE Currently unknown greater forkbeard all survey indices Overfishing

Long-term decline in LPUE for all species Blue ling Roundose grenadier Landings per unit effort Landings per unit effort Long-term decline in LPUE for all species Mean size in catch  Overfishing Other indicator: fishing pressure vs MSY reference points Lorance et al. (2010)

Elements for the food web Biomass of key prey species Abundance of top predators Good Atlantic white-sided dolphin North Atlantic IUCN least concerned Bad Sperm whale world wide IUCN vulnerable Unknown long-finned pilot whale IUCN data defficient Blue whiting SSB GOOD Overharvested ICES (2009) The MSFD does not implies assessment to rely upon food web modelling but suggest a number of indicators that reflects the functioning of the food web to be monitored

Elements for other descriptors Eutrophication Sea floor No impacts from coastal run-offs in offshore area Extent of seabed affected by human activities Benthos diversity, size structure functionning Oxygen unknown GOOD GOOD Hydrological conditions Contaminants (in the ecosystem) No known alterations No information available GOOD unknown

Data and knowledge gaps Qualitative Descriptor Good environmental status Biodiversity Yes & No, physical impact, overfishing (*) Introduced species Yes / not relevant Commercial species Yes & No, overfishing (*) Food web Yes & No, overfishing (*) Eutrophication Yes Sea floor integrity Unknown (*) Hydrology Yes Contaminants Unknown (*) Seafood Yes Litter Unknown (*) Disturbance Unknown (*) (*) processing of current monitoring (eg VMS) and additional monitoring

Conclusions Qualitative and quantitive information exists for evaluating status of deep-water ecosystem Lack of information for assessing status of sea floor (benthos), contaminants, litter and energy disturbance Bottom trawling is the most important direct anthropogenic pressure How to deal with uncertainty ? Which additional monitoring is required ?