Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System Chapter 3 The Anatomy of the Nervous System Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Layout of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain (in the skull) Spinal Cord (in the spine) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Located outside of the skull and spine Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Layout of the Nervous System (Con’t) Peripheral Nervous System Somatic nervous system Afferent nerves (sensory) Efferent nerves (motor) Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves Both are efferent. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Autonomic Nervous System (Con’t) Sympathetic Thoracic and lumbar “Fight or flight” Second-stage neurons are far from the target organ. Parasympathetic Cranial and sacral “Rest and restore” Second stage neurons are near the target organ. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.2 The major divisions of the nervous system. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) The CNS is encased in bone and covered by three meninges. Dura mater: tough outer membrane Arachnoid membrane: web-like Pia mater: adheres to CNS surface Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Fluid serves as a cushion. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.3 The cerebral ventricles. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.4 The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space (blue) into a major sinus. Note the three meninges. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Protecting the Brain Chemical Protection The blood–brain barrier: tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent the entry of many molecules. Physical Protection Skull Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons Specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals Many sizes and shapes Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.5 The major external features of a neuron. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.6 The major internal features of a neuron. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.8 A unipolar neuron, a bipolar neuron, a multipolar neuron, and an interneuron. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.13 A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of a neuron cell body (grey) studded with terminal buttons (gold). Each neuron receives numerous synaptic contacts. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.15 Anatomical directions in a human. Notice that the directions in the cerebral hemispheres are rotated by 90° in comparison to those in the spinal cord and brain stem because of the unusual upright posture of humans. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.19 The divisions of the adult human brain. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Structures of the Brain Myelencephalon = Medulla Composed largely of tracts Origin of the reticular formation Metencephalon Many tracts Pons: ventral surface Cerebellum: coordination Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.20 Structures of the human myelencephalon (medulla) and metencephalon. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Structures of the Brain Continued Mesencephalon = Midbrain The tectum has inferior and superior colliculi. The tegmentum has periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.22 The human diencephalon. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex Convolutions serve to increase surface area. Longitudinal fissure: a groove that separates right and left hemispheres Corpus callosum: largest hemisphere-connecting tract Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.24 The major fissures of the human cerebral cortex. FIGURE 3.25 The lobes of the cerebral hemishphere. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Telencephalon: Subcortical Structures Limbic system: regulation of motivated behaviors Mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate, septum Basal Ganglia Motor System Amygdala, striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen), globus pallidus Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.27 The major structures of the limbic system: amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mammillary body. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.28 The basal ganglia: amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), and globus pallidus. Notice that, in this view, the right globus pallidus is largely hidden behind the right thalamus and the left globus pallidus is totally hidden behind the left putamen. Although the globus pallidus is usually considered to be a telencephalic structure, it actually originates from diencephalic tissue that migrates into its telencephalic location during the course of prenatal development. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3.29 Summary of major brain structures. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.