Triticum dicoccum: "A Low G.I. Food for the Diabetics" Vikas, V.K.1, Sivasamy, M.1, Jayaprakash, P.1, Jagdish Kumar2, Das, B.K.3 1 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Regional Station, Wellington - 643 231, India 2 ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur - 493 225, India 3Mutation Breeding Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085, India

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Emmer wheat: Triticum dicoccum L. Vernacular names: Samba (Tamil Nadu), Jave, Sadaka, (Karnataka), Khapli (Maharashtra), Popathiya (Gujarat), Farro (Italy) etc. Tetraploid: 2n=4x=28 Grown in Central and South India Tolerant to drought & heat stress Resistant to stem and leaf rusts Hard threshing Consumed as Upma, Porridge etc. Becoming “ Functional food ” High protein – 15-16% High dietary fibre – 16% Low glycaemic index (< 55) High anti oxidant compounds High satiety value Reduce - total lipids, triglycerides and LDL-Cholesterol (Yenagi et al., 2001) Dietary management – Diabetes and Cardiovascular diseases 2

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Diabetes and Glycaemic index Diabetes is a group of diseases in which the body either doesn’t produce enough or any insulin, does not properly use the insulin that is produced, or a combination of both China, India, USA Nearly 65 millions – 90 -95 % Type 2 diabetes 8.2% male population 6.8% female population Kerala, Tamilnadu, Gujarat 7th largest killer by 2030 Managed with healthier lifestyles - WHO report and Lancet Study (2016) Glycaemic index (GI) Indicates the food’s effect on a person’s blood glucose (blood sugar) level Range: 0-100 Relative to Standard (Glucose -100) Dicoccum wheat Bread wheat Rice 3

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Background Land races/ old varieties - Tall, lodging, low yield & high quality NP 200, NP 201 & NP 202 Need – Semi dwarf & high yield with high quality Variability - Limited Earlier research Transfer – Dwarfing genes from T. durum Partial Success – semi dwarf, high yielding with low quality Linkage drag Objective To develop semi dwarf, high yielding with high quality dicoccum through mutation Materials and methods Parent variety - NP 201 Irradiation – Gamma rays using Cobalt-60 (GC 5000 Irradiator) At – Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai Dose : 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy @ 50Gy/min Treatment : 1000 seeds each Replication :3 Best : 200Gy

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Materials and Method contd…………… NP201 (1000 seeds) – Irradiated with gamma rays M1 M2 (Semi dwarf mutant) M3 M4 M5 (Stable line – Semidwarf and High yield) AICW&BIP Trials – Yield, quality and disease reaction

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Results Grain with husk Huskless grain Broken grain NP201 HW1098 Traits HW 1098 NP 201 Protein (%) 16.8 17.25 Sedimentation Value (ml) 29.0 31.5 Yellow pigment/Beta carotene (ppm) 3.39 3.23 M5 generation - stable line Reduction in height (20%) Increase in yield (35-40%) Quality comparable to NP201 Released as variety

ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Take home message…. Old crop with promising future Cereal crop – high protein and dietary fibre - Low Glycaemic index (GI) Dietary management – Diabetes & Cardiovascular diseases Road a head……….. Starch profiling Resistant starch – Physiologically similar to dietary fibre Starch – size and shape - amylose and amylopectin Dietary fibre – Chemical composition Protein – Amino acid composition Antioxidant compounds Clinical studies Current view of dietary carbohydrates as simply providing us with energy should be reconsidered

IACR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute Food as medicine THANK YOU 8