October 1, 2012 Reflection and Inference Time while listening Renaissance Period Predictions Begin Renaissance Period

Renaissance Period 1400-1600 Cyclic Mass & Isorhythmic motet Guillame Dufay (c. 1398-1474) Conscious expression in music Josquin des Prez (c. 1440-1521)

Renaissance Background Rebirth Italy became the center for the arts after fall of Burgundy Period of religious turmoil Henry VIII was king Age of exploration

Characteristics of Renaissance Music Composers wrote music to enhance the meaning and emotion of the text Word painting – musical representation of specific poetic images Mainly polyphonic A cappella – no accompaniment City of Burgundy Had the best music Basse dance – dance where the feet were kept low to ground & made women look like they floated

Sacred Composers Hired by the church Not a lot of freedom-demanded specific styles of music Wrote motets and masses both are polyphonic now Masses have fixed words (Kyrie elison, gloria, pie jesu) Motets are free words in Latin (usually a biblical passage)

Guillaume Dufay 1398-1474 Not born into high class Wrote the motet based on a pre-existing plainchant First composer to use a secular song as the melody in the catus firmus of a mass

Dufay Career in the church 70 Secular pieces survived Used imitation – hand the melody from one section to another Isorhythmic structure – single rhythmic pattern that’s repeated Cyclic Mass – mass using the same motive through every movement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLwMEBlBBB4

Renaissance Sacred Music Two main forms Motet – polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass Mass – polyphonic choral composition made up of five sections All voices became equal and singable

Josquin des Prez 1440-1521 Considered to be a genius and greatest of his generation 20 masses survived Studied under Ockeghem Developed the deploration

Josquin des Prez Intentionally expressed emotion through music by creating different moods with music Worked for secular rulers as well Wrote “El Grillo” (the cricket) which was the nickname of one of his singers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKJgwLPjmlw

Ave Maria by Josquin des Prez Ave Maria Gratia Plena Dominus tecum, Virgo serena. Hail Mary, full of grace the Lord is with thee, serene Virgin Notice: Each soprano phrase imitated in turn by alto, tenor, and bass. Duple Meter.

High duet imitated by three lower voices. Ave, cuius comceptio Solemni plena gaudio, coelestia terrestria nova replet laetitia. Hail, whose conception Full of great jubilation, fills Heaven and Earth with new Joy. Notice: High duet imitated by three lower voices. All four voices. Increased rhythmic animation reflects “new joy.”

Ave, cuius nativitas nostra fuit solemnitas, ut lucifer lux oriens verum solem praeveniens Hail, whose birth brought us joy, as Lucifer, the morning star went before the truth Notice: High duet imitated by low duet. Soprano phrase imitated by alto, tenor and bass.

High duet imitated by low duet. High duet. Low duet. Ave, pia humilitas, sine viro fecunditas, cuius annuntiatio nostra fuit salvatio Hail, pious humility, fruitful without a man, whose Annunciation brought us salvation. Notice: High duet imitated by low duet. High duet. Low duet.

Ave, vera virginitas, immaculate castitas, cuius purificatio nostra fuit purgatio. Hail, true virginity, immaculate chastity, whose purification brought our cleansing Notice: Triple Meter

Duple meter, high duets imitated by lower voices. Ave praeclara omnibus angelic is virtuibus cuius assumptio nostra glorificatio. O mater Dei, memento mei. Amen. Hail, glorious one in all angelic virtues, whose Assumption was our glorification. O Mother of God, remember me. Amen Notice: Duple meter, high duets imitated by lower voices. Brief pause. Sustained chords

Reformation Protestant reforming against the Roman Catholic Church Headed by Martin Luther Selling of Indulgences Wanted more with music than R.C. church wanted

Reformation Cont. Martin Luther A Mighty Fortress is Our God http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTnrtOJLRFk A Mighty Fortress is Our God http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6k8DFb8fWs

Counter Reformation Council of Trent Group of Cardinals Refined the instruments being used in the church Removed many of the motets and sequences Wanted music to respect the integrity of the sacred text Hired a specific composer to rewrite the music

Giovanni da Palestrina 1525-1594 104 masses 450 other sacred works

Pope Marcellus Mass Thought to have convinced the Council that polyphonic masses should be kept in worship Reflects the council’s desire for a clear projection of the sacred text Written for a cappella choir of six voices parts Soprano Alto Two tenors Two basses

Listening Example Pope Marcellus Mass Written in 3 sections Kyrie eleison – Lord have mercy upon us Christe eleison – Christ have mercy upon us Text is short & words are repeated Expresses calm supplication (to ask humbly) Rhythm flows continuously Begins in a thin texture with only some of the voices sounding As others voices enter, the music become increasingly full and rich

Time to correct tests – 15 minutes Secular Music of the Renaissance October 4, 2012 Time to correct tests – 15 minutes Secular Music of the Renaissance

Extra Credit Give me the two different styles of sacred music in the Renaissance and how can you tell the difference between the two. (4 points)

Timeline Entries 1st printed polyphony/moveable type Petrucci Odhecaton (1501) A cappella master/Renaissance polyphony Giovanni Palestrina (1525-1594)

Secular Music Technology Petrucci developed the printing press 1501 published 1st polyphonic piece of music printed with moveable type Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A Every educated person was expected to play an instrument and read notation Written for groups of solo voices and for solo voice with accompaniment Imitated natural sounds

Secular Composers Much more freedom Composed in common languages (English, Italian, French, German) Madrigals were the most popular songs about nature, love TEXT PAINTING-letting the music sound like what the word means (birds, ascending) Ballett-songs with fa la in them

Madrigal A piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love Combines homophonic and polyphonic textures Uses text painting (word painting) Originated in Italy around 1520 1588 translated into English and English composers began writing

Thomas Weelkes 1575-1623 English madrigalist Organist & church composer Wrote “As Vesta Was Descending” in 1601 for Queen Elizabeth

As Vesta Was Descending Descending scales Ascending scales Rapid descending figures As Vesta was from Latmos hill descending She spied a maiden queen the same ascending, attended on by all the shepherds swain, to whom Diana’s darlings came running down amain

Two voices, Three voices; all voices. Solo voice. First two by two, Then three by three together Leaving their goddess all alone, hasted thither, and mingling with the shepherds of her train with mirthful tunes her presence entertain.

Brief joyful phrase imitated among voices; long notes in bass Long live fair Oriana!

Ballett (Fa-La) Simpler form than the madrigal Dance like song for several solo voices Mostly homophonic in texture Melody in the highest voice Same music is repeated for each stanza of the poem Syllables fa-la are used as refrain Originated in Italy then went to England

Thomas Morley 1557-1603 English composer Best known for his madrigals

Now is the Month of Maying Now is the month of Maying, when merry lads are playing! Fa la la la la! Each with his bonny lass, a-dancing on the grass, fa la la la la! The Spring, clad all in gladness, doth laugh at Winter's sadness! Fa la la la la! And to the bagpipes’ sound, the nymphs tread out the ground! Fa la la la la! Fie! Then why sit we musing, youth’s sweet delight refusing? Fa la la la la! Say, dainty nymphs and speak! Shall we play barley break? Fa la la la la!

Instrumental Music Largely adapted from vocal music Used the harpsichord, organ, or lute 16th century people started writing instrumental pieces Developed instrumental forms Theme and variation Intended for dancing Passamezzo – duple meter Galliard – triple meter

Renaissance Instruments Shawm Kortholt Dulcian Rauschpfeife Hirtenschalmei Straight Cornet Sackbut Recorder Flute

Passamezzo by Pierre Francisque Caroubel Illustrate the Renaissance practice pairing contrasting court dances in duple and trip meter Written by Michael Praetorius – German composer and theorist Passamezzo is a stately dance in duple meter Written for six unspecified instrumental parts Consists of 3 brief sections (a, b, c) each ending with a cadence and brief pause

Galliard by Pierre Francisque Caroubel Helps to illustrate the duple and triple meters Has essentially the same melody as the passamezzo but is in triple meter Written for 5 unspecified instrumental parts It also is in three parts (a, b, c), each ending with a cadence and a brief pause

Venetian School 16th century – Venice became a center of instrumental and vocal music The focal point for music was St. Mark’s Cathedral Employed up to 20 instrumentalists and 20 singers for ceremonies Music director and organist were Adrian Willaert , Andrea Gabrieli & Giovanni Gabrieli Called the Venetian school

St. Mark’s Cathedral 2 seperated choir lofts Each had an organ Music was written for multiple choirs and groups of instruments Unlike most Renaissance music, Venetian vocal music was written with exclusive instrumental parts This started to bring the music close the Baroque style Had a tendency toward homophonic texture rather than polyphonic

Giovanni Gabrieli 1555-1612 Wrote organ and instrumental ensemble works Most important – polychoral motets (motets for two or more choirs) Sonata pian e forte is most famous earliest instrument ensemble pieces

Gabrieli Used dynamics Used specified instruments Music called for an enormous number of performers Brilliantly exploit contrasts of register, sonority and tone color

Plaudite by Giovanni Gabrieli Polychoral motet Intended for a joyful ceremony at St. mark’s Cathedral Latin text 12 voice parts divided into 3 choirs

Plaudite Listening Guide Plaudite, Psallite, Jubilate Deo omnis terra: Alleluia, benedicant Dominum omnes gentes, collaudantes eum: Clap your hands, sing praises, sing joyfully to God, all the earth. Alleluia, Let all the nations bless the Lord, together praising Him.

Alleluia, quia fecit nobiscum Dominus misericordiam suam: et captivam duxit captivitatem, admirabilis et gloriosus In saecula: Alleluia Alleluia, For the Lord hat acted in His mercy with us. Alleluia. And led captivity captive. Admirable and glorious He is forever Alleluia

October 9, 2012 Listening example of Gabrieli Extra Credit Question Artists of the Renaissance Period Exploratory

Extra Credit Question How can you tell the difference between a madrigal and a ballet?

LEONARDO DA VINCI Renaissance Man (scientific discovery, inventor, artist, mathematician) Heavily influenced by nature to lead him in his artistic endeavors Most famous works: Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

Donatello Sculptor – free standing statues Used marble and bronze, looked to new ideas, Biblical characters for works Most famous works David (made of Bronze) and St. George

Rafael Painter and Architect Respect for antiquity (Greek/classics) Innovations in architecture No extremes (played it safe) Works: School of Athens, Sistine Madonna

Michelangelo Painter/Sculptor/Poet/Engineer Enjoyed dappling in the extremes Against Da Vinci. Art was not to reflect nature but to do what nature could NOT do. Works: Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta

Renaissance 1400-1600 REBIRTH ---in science ---in exploration ---in arts and music ---in inventions Reverting back to time of classics, inspired by the Greeks

Write a story… From the perspective of a sacred composer about a new piece you are writing and what a normal day would be like From the perspective of a secular composer about a new piece you are writing and what a normal day would be like

October 11, 2012 Hand in Stories Chorale vs. Motet Style In class exploratory Listening Guide

Extra Credit Who painted the following picture?

Chorale style vs. Motet style Chorale style was homophonic. It means all the voices (usually 4 ) sing words at the same time. They sing different notes, though! Motet style was polyphonic. It means all the voices (usually 4 ) sing words at DIFFERENT times. 4 voices: BASS-low male TENOR-high male ALTO-low female SOPRANO-high female

Exploratory There are five sections around the room Use the worksheet provided and the items in each section of the room to complete the worksheet Once you have finished that, you may begin working on your project

Work on your Renaissance Project October 15, 2012 Work on your Renaissance Project

Review for your test on Friday Jeopardy October 17, 2012 Review for your test on Friday Jeopardy

Few minutes to look over your notes Quiz After Quiz…Ssh!!!! October 19, 2012 Few minutes to look over your notes Quiz After Quiz…Ssh!!!!