Immigration and Review

Essential Question: What were the problems caused by rapid urbanization and how did the other half live? Copy Copy All White Text on Page

The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Chart: Rise of Immigrants OLD VS NEW IMMIGRATION 1,593,000 181,1880 2,753,00 926,000 1,110,000 1,847,000 1,069,000 5,780,000 540,000 2,928,000 Chart: Rise of Immigrants

Immigrants from Europe Old New New New

OLD VS NEW Protestant Catholic and Jewish Copy OLD VS NEW RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION Protestant Catholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest North esp. east coast Became farmers Unskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

Nativism Anti-Immigrant Anti-Catholic & Jew

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1883

Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st “Immigration Center” Angel Island built 1910 in San Francisco for Asian immigration

POPULATION GROWTH 1870 1900 40 million population 75% lived in rural areas 1900 76 million population 60% lived in rural areas

In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. CITIES In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. Cities

Immigrants Settle in Cities URBAN OPPORTUNITIES Immigrants Settle in Cities Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs Americanization—assimilate people into main culture Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history, cooking, etiquette Ethnic communities provide social support

St. Patrick’s Cathedral Irish NY: St. Patrick’s Cathedral

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Hester Street – Jewish Section

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Characteristics of Urbanization During Gilded Age Uncontrolled growth. Magnet for economic & social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions by neighborhood. - Squalid living conditions for many. Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods. Mass Transit. Copy

Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

Louis Sullivan The Chicago School of Architecture Copy Louis Sullivan The Chicago School of Architecture Built 1st skyscrapers 1856 – 1924 Form follows function!

Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883 Copy

Urban Problems: 1. Housing Copy Urban Problems: 1. Housing Housing shortages led to… a)Row house – apartment type homes b)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary Sanitation was a problem 2. High Crime Rates

“Dumbbell Tenement “

Tenement Slum Living

Struggling Immigrant Families

Urban Problems: 3. Sanitation Copy Unsafe drinking water> cholera. People threw garbage out their windows. Horse manure piled up on the streets Sewage flowed in streets. By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.

4. Fire Problems: limited supply of water. Buildings made of wood Copy limited supply of water. Buildings made of wood candles and kerosene lamps used for lighting. Volunteer fire departments.

Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Copy Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community

The Great Chicago Fire: 1871 Copy The Great Chicago Fire: 1871 Fire burned for 24hrs. An estimated 300 people died 100,000 were left homeless More than 3 square miles of the city center was destroyed. Property loss was estimated at $200 million. 17,500 buildings were destroyed.

URBAN LIVING CONDITIONS

Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

Review: Owners & Workers

Thomas Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” Most important inventor in history over 1,000 patents

John D. Rockefeller: New Types of Business Entities Standard Oil Co.—1st monopoly creator of modern corporate structure Owner of Ludlow Mine Richest American in History - 900 million, (340 billion)

Andrew Carnegie Genius of technological innovation founder of U.S. Steel Owner of Homestead Factory philanthropist--established over 800 public libraries in U.S. 92 music halls funded most major museums Carnegie foundation for educational research 2nd richest American: 310 million (243 billion)

J. P. Morgan Financial genius father of Wall Street founded investment banking saved country from depression in 1907 by raising 25 million in 15 minutes to loan government collector of fine art

The Protectors of Our Industries

William Vanderbilt The public be damned! What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power? Shipping & railroad magnate who made fortune with help of free land given by government to railroads 3rd richest American 105 million (239 billion)

Vanderbilt’s Summer Cottage at Newport

Entrepreneurs or Robber Barons? innovators growth of America philanthropists Robber Barons ruthless competitors let their workers starve

Working Class No protections Struggled to feed their family. Went on strike when wages were cut.