Industrialization Unit #5

Essential Questions Why did the Transportation Revolution help industrial growth in the United States? What is a monopoly?

Robber Barron’s—Captains of Industry Positive Aspects Negative Aspects Increased the supply of goods to the markets Created factories and city jobs Philanthropists gave back to the community Founded museums, libraries and universities Built their fortune exploiting the lower class and immigrants Influenced government Lobbying, interest groups, spoils system Reduced competition Created monopolies and trusts that drove prices up Exploited workers Long working hours Dangerous working conditions Child labor

Essential Question—Robber Barrons Why do you think the Industrial leaders were able to take advantage of their workforce?

Andrew Carnegie Scottish Immigrant “Rags to riches” story 1873 bought a steel mill Carnegie Steel gradually bought business’ in all phases of production

Cornelius Vanderbilt Consolidated (bought and grouped together) several large railroads “why do I care about the law? The public be damned” Controlled the majority of railroads= determine the price for transportation of goods (drove the price up)

John D. Rockefeller Charged 25-50% less than his competitors Forced out his competition with lower prices Formed a trust (monopoly) of oil refiners Purchased all independent refineries and created one Standard Oil Company Controlled all oil

Essential Question— Carnegie, Vanderbilt and Rockefeller Describe and analyze how Carnegie, Vanderbilt and Rockefeller are similar and how they are different?

Social Darwinism Darwin’s survival of fittest is applied to society Those that are successful are the fittest and strongest It is against nature to help the weak This government should allow business to develop naturally.

Essential Question— Social Darwinism How could Industrialists (Robber Barrons) use this theory to justify or prove the money they were making? How could Carnegie, Vanderbilt and Rockefeller justify their monopolies using the idea of Social Darwinism?

Urbanization

Tenement Apartments and Urbanization City populations grew faster than the construction of new houses Urbanization was faster than construction Tenements —places where immigrants and working-class families could pay little for rent and crowd into apartments

Essential Questions—Urbanization and Tenements From 1860—1900, what grew more: urban living (cities) or rural life (farm land)? Use evidence from the graph to describe your respsonse Why did tenements develop in cities? Who lived in tenements? How would living in tenements be harmful to city residents? Use evidence from the images to describe your opinion

Industrialization —Changing Workforce Women and children went to work because families couldn’t survive on one income Working conditions were unsafe and incredibly dangerous

Essential Questions—Changing Workforce Why do you think this shift happened? What was happening in America during this time period) Describe the difference between the American workforce in 1860 versus 1900

“Old” versus “New” Immigration New: 1865—1920s Came from NORTHERN and WESTERN Europe Reasons for coming (pull factors): Crop failure in Ireland, revolutions in Germany, escape political persecution, better economic opportunities Moved to cities in Northeast and farms in the Midwest Came from SOUTHERN and EASTERN Europeans, CHINA and JAPAN (from Asia) Reasons for coming (pull factors): Political freedom and economic opportunities Moved to urban areas (when looking for work) Chinese and Japanese settled on the West Coast

Essential Question– Immigration As European Immigrants arrived at New York City, specifically Elis Island, which was where Immigrants were checked and released in to the United States, they passed the Statue of Liberty. In your opinion, what did the Statue of Liberty represent to Immigrants as they entered the United States?

Social Reaction to Immigration Nativism—belief that people born in America are superior to immigrants Literacy Tests —test of a potential voter’s ability to read and write (to prevent former slaves and immigrants from voting)

Legal Reaction to Immigration *Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Law limiting Chinese immigration Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Drastically reduced amount of immigrants allowed in to America *National Origins Act of 1924 Reduced immigration/ was biased and was in favor of people from Northern and Western Europe

Essential Question— Reactions to Immigration Why do you think Nativism developed? How did Nativism influence America socially and legally?

Immigrants and American Culture— 3 Theories 1) Assimilation – immigrants become Americanized as they adopt American culture, appearance and language

Immigrants and American Culture— 3 Theories 2) “Melting Pot” Theory People from various cultures combine to create a new, unique culture in America

Immigrants and American Culture— 3 Theories 3) Pluralism Groups do not always lose their distinctive characters People can live side by side with each group contributing in different ways Plurals means “many”

Contribution of Immigrants in American Society and Economy Old Immigration (1776—1865) New Immigration (1865—1920s) Irish immigrants constructed the Erie Canal and big buildings in large cities like New York and Chicago German immigrants moved to areas in upstate NY, Pennsylvania and the mid-West and became successful farmers Japanese and Chinese immigrants constructed the Transcontinental Railroad and other railroads in the West

Essential Question—Immigrants and American Culture Which theory (assimilation, melting pot or pluralism) do you think represents our current “American” society? Please explain with evidence

Writing Summary Historical Context: Task: Industrialization and growth of American Factory System caused Urbanization and Immigration to increase at a rapid rate. In a full body paragraph with a topic sentence, supporting details and an explanation of your supporting details. Task: Describe why Industrialization led to growth of Cities and increased immigration, along with why social conflicts between American Citizens and New Immigrants developed…