Learning target: I can list 2 “Jim Crow Laws” that were in effect from the 1880s into the 1960s. The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws that established and enforced segregation. Read more:

SIGNS OF JIM CROW Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-Ins from the Library of Congress Collection   Produced by Carole Weatherford Author, Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-Ins Co-produced by Jeffery Weatherford

Who was Jim Crow? Jim Crow was not a person. The name “Jim Crow Laws” was based on a popular song that said mean things about black people.

Jim Crow both culturally and legally imposed racial inferiority Jim Crow a minstrel character from 1820s Came to mean any black kept in inferior social status Also refers to laws imposed after Reconstruction to segregate whites & blacks

What were Jim Crow laws? From the 1880s into the 1960s, most American states enforced segregation or separation of blacks and whites through "Jim Crow" laws. From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could punish people for talking with members of another race. The most common types of laws ordered business owners and public buildings to keep blacks and whites separated.

Jim Crow Laws Case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Famous Supreme Court case upheld Jim Crow laws, racial segregation Ruled that Louisiana law mandating “separate but equal accommodations” on trains was constitutional

The Washington Post June 8, 1908

Jim Crow Laws After Plessy Decision opened door to segregation across South and beyond Jim Crow laws common until ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court in Brown v. Board (1954) Note some examples of Jim Crow laws…

Some areas that were separate: Bus station waiting rooms and ticket windows Railroad cars or coaches Restaurants and lunch counters Schools and public parks Restrooms and water fountains Sections of movie theaters There were even separate cemeteries

At the bus station, Durham, North Carolina, 1940.

Greyhound bus terminal, Memphis, Tennessee. 1943.

A rest stop for bus passengers on the way from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, with separate entrance for Blacks. 1943.

A sign at bus station, Rome, Georgia. 1943.

A highway sign advertising tourist cabins for Blacks, South Carolina

Cafe, Durham, North Carolina. 1939.

Drinking fountain on the courthouse lawn, Halifax, North Carolina. 1938.

Movie theater’s "Colored" entrance, Belzoni, Mississippi. 1939.

The Rex theater for colored people, Leland, Mississippi. June 1937.

Restaurant, Lancaster, Ohio. 1938.

Water cooler in the street car terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1939.

Sign above movie theater, Waco, Texas. 1939.

Beale Street, Memphis, Tennessee. 1939.

Picture Books on Segregation & Civil Rights These books are available at our media center

Black Disfranchisement New black codes included unfair voting laws; adding literacy tests to their voting restrictions Many blacks had received no education; could not pass tests States voting fee called a poll tax Poor and illiterate whites were exempted by grandfather clause; if grandfather eligible to vote, then that person could vote as well

Racial Violence on the Rise Race Riots Number of race riots increased; in cities large numbers of whites took to the streets to punish blacks accused of crimes 1st major riot in Wilmington, NC in 1898, another in Atlanta, GA in 1906 Lynchings and race riots more common in the South; both occurred in the North as well

Racial Violence on the Rise Lynching Most common forms of racial violence in late 1800s—lynchings, murders of individuals without a trial Nearly 900 blacks lynched from 1882 to 1892; many committed no crime Black journalist Ida Wells- Barnett fought to expose and end the practice

Ku Klux Klan

Claimed Causes 41% Felonious Assault 19.2% Rape 6.1% Attempted Rape 4.9% Robbery and Theft 1.8% Insult to White persons 22.7% Misc. or no offense at all 11.5% Trivial Offenses-"disputing with a white man”, “attempting to register to vote", "unpopularity", "testifying against a white man", "asking a white woman in marriage", "peeping in a window"

NOW: With your one Post-it note and pencil, you and your partner write down: 2 Jim Crow Laws on your post it note (not 2 Laws per student, just 2 laws for you and your partner) and place the Post-it on the large circle map on the wall.

Bibliography   Johnson, Angela, ill. by Eric Velasquez. A Sweet Smell of Roses. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. McKissack, Patrica, ill. by Jerry Pinkney. Goin’ Someplace Special. New York: Atheneum, 2001. Miller, William, ill. by Cedric Lucas. Night Golf. New York: Lee & Low, 1999. Ringgold, Faith. If a Bus Could Talk: The Story of Rosa Parks. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. Weatherford, Carole Boston. A Negro League Scrapbook. Honesdale, PA: Boyds Mills Press, 2005. Weatherford, Carole Boston, ill. by Jerome Lagarrigue. Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-Ins. New York: Dial, 2005. Weatherford, Carole Boston. Remember the Bridge: Poems of a People. New York: Philomel, 2002. Wiles, Deborah, ill. by Jerome Lagarrigue. Freedom Summer. New York: Atheneum, 2001. Woodson, Jacqueline, ill. by E. B. Lewis. The Other Side. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2001.

About Carole Boston Weatherford Weatherford’s books have won the Carter G. Woodson Award from National Council for the Social Studies, North Carolina Juvenile Literature Award, an NAACP Image Award nomination, and IRA Teachers Choice and NCTE and NCSS Notables honors. A college professor, she presents school and professional development programs nationwide. Her 19 books include: Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-Ins A Negro League Scrapbook Remember the Bridge: Poems of a People Sidewalk Chalk: Poems of the City Contact: 336-887-4505; weathfd@earthlink.net www.caroleweatherford.com