Roaring Twenties: American Values

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Roaring Twenties: American Values ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: In what ways did the 1920s witness a conflict in values? What impact did the “Harlem Renaissance” have on the African- American community in America?

TEKS and Objectives I will… Compare The Simpsons to Prohibition We will… (5A) evaluate the impact of the 18th Amendment (6A) analyze the causes and effects of immigration, Social Darwinism, eugenics, race relations, nativism, the Red Scare, Prohibition, and the changing role of women (6B) analyze the impact of Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, Marcus Garvey, and Charles Lindbergh (13A) analyze the causes and effects of the Great Migration (15C) explain how foreign policies affected immigration quotas (25A) describe how the characteristics and issues have been reflected in art, music, film, and literature (25B) describe both the positive and negative impacts of Tin Pan Alley and the Harlem Renaissance (26D) identify the political, social, and economic contributions of Frances Willard to American society I will… Compare The Simpsons to Prohibition

Prohibition Supporters Frances Willard (1839-1896) Protestants and women’s organizations Frances Willard (1839-1896) President of the National Women’s Temperance Union Advocated for women’s rights, suffrage, prison reform for women, 8-hour workday, improved working conditions Prohibition Party (1919) Organized by Willard Pressured states to ratify 18th Amendment (banned alcohol)

Prohibition = Epic Fail Unpopular Law Forced one group’s moral beliefs on others Closed bars, breweries, and distilleries put thousands out of work Growth of lawlessness/organized crime 21st Amendment Repealed 18th Amendment Made alcohol legal again

The Scopes “Monkey Trial” of 1925 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Belief that man evolved from primates Contradicted Biblical account of Creation John Scopes (1925) Biology teacher Arrested for teaching evolution The “Monkey Trial” William Jennings Bryan (state prosecutor) Clarence Darrow (Scopes’ attorney) First to be broadcast over radio Scopes convicted; fined $100

New Restrictions on Immigration American Nativism Anti-Catholic Fear of admitting radicals (Red Scare) Competition for jobs Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1929 Laws that established quotas (limit) on immigration Higher quotas for British, Irish, and German Lower quotas for “New Immigrants” (Eastern/Southern Europe) Asian immigration barred

Eugenics Social Darwinism Eugenics Charles Davenport Belief that human races engage in survival of the fittest Americans believed Anglo- Saxon “race” (blond-haired, blue-eyed) was superior Eugenics Pseudo-scientific belief that human race could be improved by breeding Charles Davenport Wanted to prevent mentally ill from having children Wanted to reduce immigration to by “inferior races” from Eastern and Southern Europe

Women 19th Amendment Life in the Roaring 20s Flappers Gave women right to vote Life in the Roaring 20s Appliances reduced housework More women worked/went to college Flappers Wore short dresses, short hair, and lots of makeup Went on dates without chaperones Smoked and drank in public Enjoyed popular dances

Music Tin Pan Alley Sheet Music became popular Section of New York City Capital of popular music publishing Blues, jazz, and ragtime Sheet Music became popular People wanted to play songs at home

Youth and the Lost Generation Group of writers who rejected the desire for material wealth Ernest Hemingway Moved to Paris A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises Sinclair Lewis Main Street and Babbitt First American to win Nobel Prize in literature F. Scott Fitzgerald The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby

The Great Migration (1910-1930) Movement of about 2 million African Americans from South to “Promised Land” (Northeast and Midwest) Push Factors Sharecropping, tenant farming, and racism Pull Factors Industrial jobs in growing cities Friends/Family who had previously migrated

Growth of Cities African Americans in cities Harlem Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, New York Confined to all-black neighborhoods Greeted by racism, housing shortages, and crime Harlem Upper Manhattan (New York) About 200,000 African Americans lived in a city within a city

The Harlem Renaissance Re-birth of African-American arts during the 1920s Optimism and pride in black culture Jazz Age (1920s) New form of African-American music Langston Hughes (1902-1967) One of America’s best poets Wrote about determination to overcome racial prejudice Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) Political activist Emphasized racial pride Stressed racial unity through self- help Supported the Back-to-Africa movement

Popular New Heroes Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey Charles Lindbergh Professional baseball player and homerun legend Jack Dempsey Professional boxer and cultural icon Charles Lindbergh First to fly across Atlantic in 1927 33 hours; 3,600 miles “The Spirit of St. Louis” (airplane)