National Report for Korea www.themegallery.com UNESCO Asia-Pacific Sub-regional Preparatory Conference for the 2009 World Conference on Higher Education (24-26 Sep. 2008, Macao SAR, PR China) Sample image1 Sample image2 Sample image3 National Report for Korea Sang-Duk Choi (Korean Educational Development Institute)

South Korea Surrounded by the Great Powers Russia N.Korea China Japan S.Korea 2

Brief History of Higher Education in Korea 1945~1950s: Building the foundation ● 19 institutions, 7,819 students and 1,490 faculty members in 1945 ● 42 institutions, 29,288 students, 2,049 faculty members in 1953 2. 1960s~1992: Liking higher education to economic development ● higher education as a main source of educated manpower ● the centralised control of the MoE over the higher education system

Brief History of Higher Education in Korea 3. 1990s~present: Deregulation, university autonomy, and quality assurance development ● Education Reform for the 21st Century - globalization and information society - diversification/specialization, deregulation, and quality improvement of university education ● Innovation of the role and function of the university as a new engine for growth - Brain Korea 21 (Research) - NURI (New University for Regional Innovation)

Step-by-step Approach to Educational Expansion Increasing demand for higher education in 1980s was partly the result of the attainment of universal education at the secondary level in 1970s. Source: GJ Kim (2007) 5

Higher Education Institutions (2007) Higher education institutions can be classified by eight different types. Number of Institutions Total National Public Private Junior College Sub-total 152 3 8 141 148 137 Miscellaneous Schools 1 2 Corporate Junior College University 220 41 177 175 23 150 11 14 6 Technical university Open University 15 Corporate University Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics 6

Progression Rate The progress rate from upper secondary to higher education has increased from 27.2 percent in 1980 to 82.8 percent in 2007. Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

The Growth of GDP between 1970 and 2007 The remarkable growth of GDP seems to be along with the steep increase of the progression rate. Source: http://www.kosis.kr

Changes in the Number of Enrollment While the total number of enrollment in university still continue to increase, the enrollment in junior colleges has decreased since the year of 2000. Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

The Ratio of Private/Public Students in HE Private institutions have played a major role in the expansion of higher education. Junior College University/College Tertiary Education Total 100% National/Public 3.8% 21.3% 16.2% Private 96.2% 78.7% 83.8% Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

Ratio of Public/Private in Different Types of Institution While 150 out of 175 universities/colleges are private, 137 out of 148 junior colleges are private in 2007. Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

Changing Situation in Enrollment in HE Student population for higher education has been shrinking rapidly since 2000. Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

NURI (New university for Regional Innovation) ● Objective - To strengthen the innovative capabilities of junior colleges and universities located outside the Seoul metropolitan area - To foster balanced regional development and provincial universities - To boost the building of a Regional Innovation System (RIS) through university-oriented collaboration with local government, industries, research centers, and NGO ● Regional development strategy - On the basis of partnership between universities and local governments and industries ● Investment - Around $250 million each year for five years, with a total investment of 1.2 trillion won 13

The Outline of the NURI Project Scale Goal Amount Invested (KRW) Participants Number of Participating Centers Large Scale Development of necessary human resources required for the development of provincial industries, etc, in compliance with the <5-year plan for attainment of national socioeconomic equilibrium> Less than 3-5 billion Local government and industries 37 Middle Scale Development of human resources involved in engineering, natural science, sociology, and humanities, etc, which all form the foundations of industry and economy. Less than 1-3 billion Local government or industries 32 Small Scale Less than 1 billion at least more than a partner 59 Source: Korea Research Foundation BK21-NURI Committee

NURI (New university for Regional Innovation) Source: Korea Research Foundation BK21-NURI Committee

Vision and Main Objectives of Brain Korea 21 Source: Korea Research Foundation BK21-NURI Committee

Phase I Phase II 1999-2005 2006-2012 1.4 trillion KRW Outline of Brain Korea 21 Phase I Phase II 1999-2005 2006-2012 1.4 trillion KRW 2.03 trillion KRW 79,680 students, 564 project teams in 166 universities 147,000 students, 569 project teams in 74 universities Source: MOEHRD(2006). Education in Korea. Power Point Presentation. 17

Outcomes of Brain Korea 21 ● The first stage (1999-2005): 89,366 students and researchers benefited and 564 centers or teams participated ● According to the SCI report, the number of Korean papers in the area of science and technology increased from 3,765 in 1998 to 7,281 in 2005. - In world rankings, Korea jumped from 18th in 1998 to 12th in 2005. ● Visible Result: Research Atmosphere Before BK21 Phase I Phase II The number of articles registered in SCI 3,765 (1998) 7,281 (2005) World ranking 18 12 10 (Goal) Source: Korea Research Foundation BK21-NURI Committee 18

● To invites international scholars to collaborate with Korean The Objectives of WCU ● To invites international scholars to collaborate with Korean faculty members and establish new academic programs in key growth-generating fields ● To enhance national, higher educational and industrial competitiveness in inter-disciplinary fields ● To transform Korean universities into world-class research institutions 19

● Three types of program Types of WCU Program ● Three types of program - Type 1. Establishing new academic departments or specialized majors by employing foreign scholars as full-time faculty members, on a contract of three years minimum - Type 2. Recruiting foreign scholars to existing academic programs as full-time faculty members for a period of three years minimum - Type 3. Inviting distinguished world-class scholars such as Nobel Prize Laureates as part-time faculty members for a period of at least two months per academic year ● Government Subsidy - Types 1 and 2: A competitive annual salary, research grants, and lab establishing expenses for each foreign scholar - Type 3: An annual salary for foreign scholars and also research grants for joint research projects carried out with Korean scholars 20

World Class Universities (2008-2012) ● The main focus of the WCU project New growth-engine fields Interdisciplinary studies NBIC(NanoBioInfoCogno) technology, disruptive technology, breakthrough technology, energy science, bio-pharmaceutics, embedded software, cognitive/brain science, financial mathematics, financial engineering, digital storytelling, human resource and organizational development, space and national defense science, etc. - business management (personnel/organizational management) + industrial workforce/adult studies - design/arts + engineering - mathematics + computing + business management - biology/physics + philosophy - humanities + natural sciences - social sciences + natural sciences, etc. Source: MEST (2008)

Enhancing Educational Capacities of Universities ● Aims of New Formula Funding for universities - Funding reflecting educational conditions and performance mitigating the burden of university evaluations - Fostering competition among universities - Increasing the autonomy and creativity in the financial operations of universities 22

The Educational Index Formula Performance Index (50%) Situational Index (50%) Employment rate after graduation 25% Number of admissions Percentage of full-time professors 10% Scholarship grants 20% Educational expenses per student * employment rate: 0.5ⅹtotal employment rate＋0.5ⅹfull-time employment rate (employment quality considerations taken) 23

Enhancing Educational Capacities of Universities ● Funding allocation based on eight classifications - Universities in the Seoul metropolitan area (40%) with student body population of 10,000 or more, 5,000~10,000, less than 5,000 - Local universities (54%) with student body population of 10,000 or more, 5,000~10,000, less than 5,000 - Industrial universities (6%) with student body population of 5,000 or more, less than 5,000 ● Annual project budget - After 2009, merged with the NURI Project and the Specialization of Universities in the Seoul Metropolitan Area Project 24

Information Disclosure on Higher Education ● Objectives - To make informed decisions on school selection, industry-academic cooperation, employment recruiting, and policy enforcement by providing information on universities. - To ensure consumers’ right of selection and improve the quality of universities through increased competition ● Implementation - The Act on Special Cases concerning Information Disclosure on Higher Education in 2007 - 13 categories and 57 items at the department and college level - On October 1, 2008, data will be posted within school websites 25

Information Disclosure on Higher Education 13 categories of Information disclosure on higher education 1. Rules and Regulations for School Management 2. Composition of Educational Curriculum and Management 3. Student Admissions Methods and Calendar 4. Student Body Profile such as recruiting rates, student population, etc. 5. Student Career Paths After Graduation such as employment, etc. 6. Profile of Status on Full-Time Faculty 7. Status of Full-Time Faculty Research Performance 8. Accounting Status including budget and financial statements 9. Status on the violations record according to Articles 60-62 of the Higher Education Act 10. Development and Specialization Plans 11. Status on Faculty Research, Student Education, and Industry-Academic Cooperation 12. Status on Support for Library and Research 13. Other Educational and Management Conditions 26

Differentiation and Specialization of Universities ● Higher education in Korea has expanded rapidly, largely by increasing the numbers of institutions, but the variety and choice among institutions has not increased correspondingly. ● Except for a few universities focused on teaching, most universities aspire to be research universities. ● It is important to promote institutional autonomy with mission boundaries for different institutions. - comprehensive research universities; niche research institutes with some graduate training; comprehensive teaching institutions; polytechnics etc. 27

Increasing University Autonomy and Enhancing Accountability ● New budget accounting system will be introduced to promote autonomous management and an integrated accounting system. ● In relation to autonomy of national universities, a university board of trustees that are comprised of faculty and non-faculty members will be established. 28

Distance University Education ● A total 17 distance universities (or cyber universities) by 2007 ● 15 for bachelor’s degree / two for associate degree ● Degrees same as those of either junior colleges or universities by the Higher Education Act from 2009 ● Increasing the establishment of distance universities in terms of lifelong learning 29

Internationalization of Higher Education ● The trends of globalization have important implications for higher education in terms of cross-border higher education. ● Most Korean graduate schools faces difficulty in recruiting excellent doctoral students because they prefer earn their doctoral degree abroad particularly in U.S. after completing a master’s degree in Korea. ● Recently, as internationalization of higher education is recognized as a key challenge Korean universities facing in relation to international competitiveness, government place emphasis on promoting internationalization. ● “Study Korea” project - 49,270 foreign students and 68% of them are from China by 2007 30

Internationalization of Higher Education The number of Korean students studying abroad have rapidly increased since 1985 while that of Foreign students studying in Korea is comparatively very small. Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

Korean Students Studying Abroad (2007) The progress rate from upper secondary to higher education has increased from 27.2 percent in 1980 to 82.8 percent in 2007. Korean Students Studying Abroad Region Total Degree Program Language School Asia/Oceania 105,731 46,883 58,848 Africa 266 117 149 North America 71,878 62,123 9,755 Latin America 190 46 144 Europe 39,683 14,709 24,974 Middle East 211 87 124 Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

Foreign Students Studying in Korea (2007) Region Total Undergraduate Graduate Language School Others Asia 45,652 21,388 6,410 13,193 2,198 Africa 291 69 131 42 8 Oceania 39 26 34 North America 1,692 413 339 472 402 Latin America 242 92 74 57 12 Europe 1,262 170 267 394 376 Source: MOEHRD/KEDI(2007), Analysis of Educational Statistics

Prospects for Increasing HE Vacancies It is expected that demographic trends will lead to excess capacity in higher education institutions. 34

Expanding Lifelong Learning in the Learning Society ● By 2005, 30% of adult population who is 25 year old and over could not attain upper secondary education. ● It is increasingly difficult for universities to fill their freshman quota only by recruiting from school-age students. ● It is expected that demographic trends will lead to excess capacity in higher education institutions. ● Higher education institutions need to provide lifelong learning for adults. ● Education programs “have to be broadened to include more flexible approaches, allowing shorter-term and more specific programs to develop.” 35