Modern-day Greece in red I. Geography of Greece Modern-day Greece in red

I. Geography of Greece Geographical Characteristics: Mountainous peninsula- influences development of city-states rather than unified kingdom Lack of arable (farmable) land & fresh water- causes Anc. Greeks to become reliant on sea Moderate climate year-round- allows for Anc. Greeks to live and work outside rather than indoors Resources: Sea- for food & trade Greeks establish colonies around the Mediterranean to gain resources they do not have at home

II. Political Features The Polis & Forms of Government Politically divided into city-states, the two most famous being Sparta and Athens Each develops own form of government Citizens gather in acropolis or marketplace (agora) to discuss politics Sometimes tyrants seized power with the support of the poor Generally not harsh or cruel rulers (unlike today) Often created jobs & housing for supporters through building programs

II. Political Features B. The Road to Athenian Democracy 594 BCE Solon reforms Draco’s code His changes No citizen can be owned by another citizen (end of debt slavery) All citizens participate in assembly Any citizen can bring chargers against wrongdoers Citizens can appeal verdicts from judges Divides citizens into 4 social classes based on wealth B. The Road to Athenian Democracy 621 BCE Legal code developed by Draco, Athenian ruler & law giver. His Code all Athenians are equal under the law, punishment for almost every law is death, allows debt slavery to be enforced. Additionally, Athenian citizens were required to serve in the military. Citizens were expected to participate in the government & were looked down upon for not participating. Anc. Greek ballots 461-429 BCE Pericles strengthens democracy His changes Increases number of political offices that are paid salaries Increases number of citizens who participate in gov’t Introduces direct democracy- citizens rule directly Assembly (all citizens) had power over every state decision Requires both parents of citizens to be Athenian 500 BCE Cleisthenes created limited democracy with more reforms. His changes Breaks up power of nobles Only wealthy can afford to participate in gov’t All citizens can submit laws for debate & passage Created the Council of Five Hundred (proposed laws & counseled assembly) Council members chosen by lot (randomly) Defines citizens in Athens- free, adult males with at least one Athenian parent

II. Political Features C. Greco-Persian Wars Greek cities in Ionia rebelled against Persian rule Athens sent help to rebels 490 BCE- Persians land outside Marathon to get revenge on Athens Athens defeats Persians at Battle of Marathon & Persians retreat 480 BCE Persians try again to conquer Athens Athens burned by Persians Persians defeated in naval battle Athens rises to power as head of Delian League

II. Political Features D. Peloponnesian War Athens is most powerful city-state in Greece from 477-431 BCE Experiences Golden Age at this time (see Culture & Legacy section) Many cities in southern Greece, lead by Sparta, band together, forming the Peloponnesian League Wanted to stop Athens from growing stronger Sparta declares War on Athens in 431 BCE Truce signed in 421 BCE 415 BCE truce ends when Athens sends troops to attack an ally of Sparta Athens surrenders in 404 BCE

II. Political Features D. Alexander the Great King of Macedonia (Greek city-state) 359 BCE his father Phillip II begins to conquer other Greek city-states 336 BCE Phillip II dies & Alexander becomes king at age 20 334 BCE- invades Persia & begins conquest 332 BCE- conquers Egypt & Persian Empire with capture of its capital city 326 BCE- begins conquest of Indus Valley Low morale amongst troops b/c were fighting for 11 years & were 11,000 miles from home 323 BCE in Babylon- contracts fever & dies without an heir. Empire divided between four generals

II. Culture & Legacy Religious/Philosophical Characteristics Polytheistic pantheon of gods and goddesses, personified nature and explained the human condition Great philosophical traditions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Both are were adopted by the Romans & influenced later societies

II. Culture & Legacy Math, Science & Technology Work in mathematics (Pythagoras) Hellenistic culture celebrated the human experience and human body Stressed science, astronomy, & medicine (Galen and Hippocrates) Notable creation of architecture using columns and sculpture

II. Culture & Legacy Art, Architecture, Literature & Entertainment Architectural achievements to the Greeks were built upon by later Romans- Doric, Ionic & Corinthian columns, sculpture Great epic poems Iliad and Odyssey stressed the value of THE HERO Creation of drama (comedy and tragedy) Olympic games Optional Video: The Ancient Origins of the Olympics TedTalk

Lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt II. Culture & Legacy Hellenistic Culture (323-31 BCE) Formed after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE Blend of Greek, Persian, Indian & Egyptian cultures Several scientific & mathematical innovations made with knowledge from previous empires/civilizations by men like Eratosthenes, Euclid, & Archimedes Rise of Stoicism- philosophy that teaches that people should live virtuous lives in harmony with the will of god or ​​ the natural laws that God established to run the universe. Lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt