Lesson 1 Essay Feedback

What’s harder to catch the faster you run? . Breath

Assessment A very good attempt by all WWW: You all got at least part of the argument You all identified aspects of the source that can be argued as convincing/not convincing You all had some own knowledge You decided how convinced you were by the sources EBI: More detailed understanding of the argument More detailed own knowledge ‘Better’ evaluation of how convinced you were Assessment

Adapted from John Guy, Tudor England, 1990 Extract A The dynastic threat to the Tudor regime must not be exaggerated. There was no one to cause rival political tensions amongst Henry VII’s relations and no obvious focus for political discontent. It is true, the supporters of Simnel and Warbeck dressed their ambitions in dynastic clothes, but the most important revolt in Henry VII’s reign, the Cornish Rising of 1497, was not dynastic. On the contrary, it was sparked by the parliamentary grant of that year to finance an invasion of Scotland. The tax revolt erupted in the south west because Cornishmen refused to underwrite a campaign against Scotland for which, they believed, a scutage or land tax levied in the north was the correct source of finance. Adapted from John Guy, Tudor England, 1990 Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the threats to Henry VII’s position in the years 1485 to 1509.

John Guy identified two types of rebellion: dynastic and tax related Dynastic = Simnel and Warbeck Tax related = Cornish Dynastic means the rebellion aims to replace the current monarch (HVII) The threat of dynastic rebellions ‘must not be exaggerated’ ‘The most important revolt in Henry VII’s reign, the Cornish Rising of 1497’ This is because the Cornish rebellion had a clear purpose (stop paying for a the campaign against James IV that did not impact them) P1: Argument

P2: Convincing Simnel and Warbeck ‘dressed their ambitions in dynastic clothes’ (imposters) Threat of Simnel and Warbeck must not be exaggerated ‘The most important revolt in Henry VII’s reign, the Cornish Rising of 1497’ There was no one to cause rival political tensions amongst Henry VII’s relations

P2: Not Convincing Simnel ‘dressed their ambitions in dynastic clothes’ (imposters) Threat of Simnel and Warbeck must not be exaggerated ‘The most important revolt in Henry VII’s reign, the Cornish Rising of 1497’ There was no one to cause rival political tensions amongst Henry VII’s relations Dynastic threats had no political focus

Lesson 1 Nobility

What’s harder to catch the faster you run? . Breath

By the end of this lesson, everybody will be able to… Link to the key themes: In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period? Describe the power that the nobility had when HVII became King Explain the measures that HVII took to control his nobility Judge and justify which measure was the most important

What does nobility mean? The nobility/nobles, were the highest class in Tudor society, just below the King. The nobility included lords, earls, and dukes, and they typically held power in government.

You are now HVII, what would you do to achieve your aims? What HVII wants to achieve: The support of his nobles, because they maintain law and order in areas where they held land and estates A nobility that are not too powerful What problems HVII currently faces: They had gained a lot of land This led to an increase in their wealth as they rented and leased out their land This also led to impressive strongholds of support, with private armies that they had raised These three factors had not only made them powerful in the 15th Century, but decreased their dependence on the King for power. You are now HVII, what would you do to achieve your aims?

How did HVII control his nobility? How did the policy work? How effective was the policy? Attainders Patronage Attacks on retaining Financial controls Get students to complete this table – using the textbook

Historian’s views on the how HVII dealt with the nobility… John Guy says that his policy was "politically necessary" but "morally dubious". David Loades maintains he introduced nothing new: " He rebuilt the foundations of the royal authority, using, as it were, the same bricks as his predecessors, but in a different order.“ J R Lander insists that Henry had to be ruthless, otherwise, "how else could Henry VII have controlled such a mob of aloof, self-interested magnates?" Historian’s views on the how HVII dealt with the nobility…

Patronage Attacks on retaining Attainders Financial Controls Using post-its, get students to judge which policy was the most important in controlling the nobility, and justify their judgment

Lesson 1 Resources

How did HVII control his nobility? How did the policy work? How effective was the policy? Attainders Patronage Attacks on retaining Financial controls Get students to complete this table – using the textbook

Marquis of Dorset you must agree to surrender all your lands and castles (and those belonging to your wife) with the exception of two manors if you become involved in any way in rebellions, risings or any other threats to the King. Earl of Kent you, jointly with three other lords, will pay the King £9,225 if the Marquis of Dorset becomes involved in any way in rebellions, risings or any other threats to the King. Lord Grey of Codnor Lord Grey of Wilton Lord de la Ware you will pay the King 500 marks if the Marquis of Dorset becomes involved in any way in rebellions, risings or any other threats to the King.

Lord Mountjoy you have been appointed constable of the castle of Hammes at Calais. If you lose the castle to the French you will pay the King 10,000 marks. Earl of Shrewsbury you, jointly with 4 other lords, will pay the King 8,000 marks if Lord Mountjoy loses the castle of Hammes at Calais to the French. Lord Lisle you, jointly with 4 other lords, will pay the King 8,000 marks if Lord Mountjoy loses the castle of Hammes at Calais to the French. You will pay the King £9,225 if the Marquis of Dorset becomes involved in any way in rebellions, risings or any other threats to the King. Lord Burgavenny Lord Hastings Lord Strange

Lesson 2

Starter- Match the following key terms with their definition: Attainder A: An organisation which controlled financial matters relating to Crown lands. Patronage B: The highest class in Tudor society, just below the King. The nobility included lords, earls, and dukes, and they typically held power in government 3. Retaining C: A written obligation. The noble agreed to pay a penalty if conditions set by the King were not met. 4. Bond D: Keeping large numbers of servants who could be used as gangs of enforcers. Council Learned in Law E: A special law that meant nobles could be charged for treason without trial 6. Nobility F: Granting favours to certain groups in order to win their loyalty

THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD PRIVY CHAMBER THE GROOM OF THE STOOL Looked after the domestic needs of the King, rather like servants. (Also members of the court) Heart of the household. Chosen by the King and had the greatest opportunity to influence the Monarch In charge of the Privy Chamber, responsible for assisting the king in the performance of the bodily functions of excretion and ablution. PARLIAMENT To meet with the King, normally to raise taxes (pass controversial laws). PRIVY COUNCIL Group of advisers chosen by the King, who gave the King advise on certain matters. THE COURT Not a place, but a group of people who move from place to place with the King. Their role is to accompany the King. Get students to summarise the role of each? Whole group questioning to assess homework booklet progress JUSTIC OF THE PEACE Responsible for keeping law and order in the local areas across England.

The Privy Council ‘Privy’ means private. The Privy Council existed to advise the monarch over matters of state. The monarch was responsible for appointing his or her own privy councillors. One of the most important questions for Tudor monarchs was who to choose. For example, a monarch might choose to only appoint the most loyal to the Privy Council. This means that there would probably be less opposition to the monarch’s ideas in council. However, other monarchs chose to include potentially rebellious subjects in the Privy Council so they could keep an eye on them and stave off discontent or rebellion. Another important decision was how many people to appoint to the Privy Council. For example, Henry VIII’s Privy Council included around 240 people on paper, but in practise only six or seven people attended meetings regularly. Elizabeth maintained a very small and loyal Privy Council. The monarch also had to decide whether or not to let one advise dominate the others. For example, Henry VIII relied heavily on Cardinal Wolsey and then Thomas Cromwell. Elizabeth’s pre-eminent minister was William Cecil, later Lord Burghley. On the other hand, Mary I did not have one ‘chief minister’. The roles given to the Privy Council varied from monarch to monarch. Finally the monarch had to decide whether or not to attend council. Henry VII rarely attended council meetings. Elizabeth attended council more often, although sometimes she preferred to meet council members one-to-one or in small groups so that the councillors could not gang up on her. Mary I never attended the Privy Council and arguably this made the body less influential under her reign. It is not clear to what extent Mary was even briefed about the proceedings of the Council. Geoff Petty note make exercise. Teacher reads to students and they aren’t allowed to write anything down. They then take notes individually, compare as a group then feed back. Questions given on ppt slide for display.

The Privy Chamber The Privy Chamber is a place (the monarch’s private quarters) and it also refers to the ‘Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber’, who were the closest personal servants of the monarch. The Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber were chosen by the king and could be hugely influential. They spent most time with the monarch and saw the monarch at their most unguarded moments. Under Henry VII the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber had relatively low status and were probably not that influential. The importance of the Privy Chamber grew under Henry VIII, especially the role of the Groom of the Stool (the person who looked after the King’s toilet). Because Edward VI was a minor, he was arguably more likely to be influenced by others. The men who helped Edward rule, Somerset and Northumberland, controlled access to the Privy Chamber in order to control who had influence over the young king. Under Elizabeth and Mary, the importance of the Privy Chamber arguably declined as the ‘Gentlewomen of the Privy Chamber’ all had to be female. This meant they were generally not directly involved in politics.

The Court The Court is not a place – it the group of people that attend the monarch and move from place to place depending on where the monarch is. The Court was always important, no matter which monarch was in power. They spent a lot of time with the monarch and often had great political influence. Under Elizabeth, courtiers were often made into councillors and councillors were often made into courtiers, creating a more unified style of government.

Parliament In Tudor times, Parliament did not meet regularly as it does today. Parliament met when it was called by the monarch, but the monarch was under no obligation to do so. Usually Parliament was called when the monarch needed extra taxation, or wanted to pass specific laws. How often Parliament met varied from monarch to monarch. For example, Henry VII called Parliament 7 times in 24 years and Elizabeth called 10 Parliaments in 45 years. Arguably Parliament became more important under Henry VIII as he used it to pass his religious legislation. This meant that all further monarchs had to use parliament to overturn or change religious laws. Henry also entrenched the succession (who would take over the throne) through Acts of Parliament.

By the end of this lesson, everybody will be able to… Link to the key themes: In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period? Describe the policies HVII implemented to govern his kingdom Explain how the nature of royal government changed between 1485-1509 Evaluate how effective HVII’s running of the country was

Questioning – how to do govern the country in this context. E. g Questioning – how to do govern the country in this context? E.g. make sure laws are kept?

Appointed annually from amongst local landowners There were several per county They were responsible for public order, making sure that laws were implemented Met 4 times a year at quarter sessions where they could try those accused of more serious crimes. (NOT treason – left to the crown)

To retain control over his Kingdom, HVII did not create one system of local government, but relied on the most appropriate solution for each region

Local and Regional government under HVII England Scotland Wales Ireland Local and Regional government under HVII

National Government Create a job advert for a job in HVII’s Parliament Include: What you be expected to do How often you would meet with the King What jobs would be left to the King

What were these new branches of government that HVII installed? Star Chamber? Council Learned in the Law?

The Council Learned in Law An offshoot from the main Royal Council Initially dealt with managing and pursuing King’s feudal rights Assumed control of all financial matters relating to Crown lands Acted as investigators and judges when there was a suspicion that a nobleman was not paying his proper dues to the King. Hated and feared!

Star Chamber The Court of Star Chamber was named for the star pattern painted on the ceiling of the room at Westminster Palace where its meetings were held. The Court of Star Chamber was a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council. Although its roots go back to the medieval period, the court only became powerful as a separate entity during the reign of Henry VII. In 1487 the court became a judicial body separate from the king's council, which consisted of royal councillors and two royal judges. During Henry VII's reign (1485–1509), about half the cases involved real property. In a sense the court was a supervisory body; its members oversaw the operations of lower courts. As well, its members could hear cases by direct appeal.

How effective were HVII’s reforms in government? Control of nobility Control of local areas Establish her personal power as Monarch Not at all effective Completely effective

Quiz questions What do the letters in JP stand for? What did JPs do? Who held power in Ireland? How did Henry control Wales? How did Henry control the Welsh marches and the North of England? When did Parliament meet? How many times did Parliament meet? What was the Privy council? What was the Star Chamber? What was the Council Learned in the Law?