Parts of speech 1 Week 6

Nouns—persons, places, thing, & ideas Abstract Nouns—ideas Fear Cleverness Misery Civilization Honor Concrete Nouns—persons, places, and things that can be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched Trumpet Street Tortilla Golden Gate Bridge Monday

Nouns Common Nouns Proper Nouns General persons, places, or things Do not capitalize city turnpike war Proper Nouns particular persons, places, or things Always capitalize Sometimes more than one word (like in a title) Sioux Falls New Jersey Turnpike the Civil War Monday

nouns Collective Nouns—name a group of people, animals, or things squad class flock association Compound Nouns—consist of 2 or more words, sometimes hyphenated, sometimes written as one word, and sometimes written as 2 words great-aunt one-fourth horseradish postal worker junior high school Monday

nouns The young girl Several children The yellow tulip Noun Phrase—noun and its modifiers The young girl Several children The yellow tulip Sweet as chocolate Writing Hint: Nouns can signal possession. When you’re working with plural nouns, add either an apostrophe or ‘s, depending on the last letter of the plural nouns. If the last letter is –s, use just an apostrophe; if the last letter is not –s, use ‘s. Winners’ blue uniforms The Kennedys' fame The children’s shrieks The mice’s cheese Monday

In-class assignment With a partner, improve the weak paragraph in Exercise 6.1by replacing the italicized words with specific nouns or noun phrases. Monday

Pronouns Identify the pronouns in the sentence below: words that take the place of nouns or other pronouns Usually refer to something previously mentioned, called an antecedent Identify the pronouns in the sentence below: Inez and her friend are newspaper staff members. They go to an editorial meeting each Tuesday. It is held in Mr. Chavez’s office. What are the antecedents for each pronoun? Tuesday Handout 6.2

Pronouns Personal Pronouns, and their possessive forms, are most common She was the first to arrive because her train was early Indefinite Pronouns express an amount or refer to an unspecified person or thing Many came despite the rain, and few were disappointed Demonstrative Pronouns point to specific people or things This is the reserved section; those over there are available Tuesday Handout 6.2

Pronouns Relative Pronouns introduce some subordinate clauses Suki, who lives farthest from the school, has never been absent. Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions To whom are you speaking? What did you say? Reciprocal Pronouns express mutual action or relation Teammates rely on one another for support during a game. Tuesday Handout 6.2

Pronouns Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns end in – self and –selves Reflexive Pronouns refer to an earlier noun or pronoun I love myself. Intensive Pronouns add emphasis The principal herself taught the class. Tuesday Handout 6.2

In-class assignment With a partner, underline all the pronouns in Exercise 6.2, including possessive pronouns. Challenge: After you identify the pronouns, label each pronoun with the appropriate type of pronoun (personal, indefinite, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, reflexive, intensive, or reciprocal). Tuesday Exercise 6.2

Verbs—express an action or state of being Action Verbs communicate an observable action Describe what people do or what people feel Frank Lloyd Wright designed and built homes and other structures. His clients admired his style. Verbs take a variety of forms to communicate time The hiker shivers. The hiker shivered. The hiker was shivering. Linking Verbs link the subject of a sentence with a word that tells more about it The surgeon appeared confident. The surgeon is an innovator. But wait! It isn’t always that simple.  Some words can be action verbs in one context and linking verbs in another. If a form of be can substitute for the verb, the verb is functioning as a linking verb The performer looked nervously at the audience. (Action) The performer looked nervous. (Linking) Wednesday

verbs Verb Phrases are verbs preceded by one or more helping (auxiliary) verbs Hasn’t anyone here seen the remote? I have been looking for it for an hour. Not (or in its contraction form, n’t) is never part of the verb phrase NOTE: Beware of verbals, which look like verbs but function as a noun, adjective, or adverb People enjoying the play. (sentence fragment because enjoying describes the people) People enjoyed the play. (complete sentence because enjoyed describes what the people did) Wednesday

In-class assignment Identify every verb and verb phrase in the sentences below: Anyone can create music with the natural instrument we call the voice. As musical expression developed, people joined voice groups. Gregorian chant, or plainsong, which arose in the early Middle Ages, was one early form of choral performance. In chant, all participants sing or hum one melody in unison; the technical term for this is monophony. In the late Middle Ages, composers experimented and gave different voices different musical lines within the same piece of music. Soon, variations in rhythm and harmony led to the diverse polyphonic music we are familiar with today. Wednesday

Adjectives Modifiers that give information about the nouns and pronouns they modify What kind? Red flower, straight road, high-altitude climb, surprise visit How many? Four days, few entries How much? More space, some effort Which one? Third response, that shirt, worst joke, last month Thursday

Adjectives Writers sometimes use more than one adjective to modify a single noun. Example: The long, steep, strenuous climb back to the rim loomed before them. A and an are adjectives but are also called indefinite articles. They refer to any one member of a group and so are indefinite. Similarly, the is an adjective but is called the definite article because it points out a particular noun. Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter. Japanese food Confederate troops Jackson democracy Thursday

Adjectives Predicate adjectives are adjectives that come after the word they modify. The smoked salmon tastes salty. The manager is stern but fair. Sometimes, when a noun or a possessive pronoun modifies another noun, it is called an adjective. Motel room Mother’s pie Corn pudding School auditorium Thursday

Adverbs Like adjectives, adverb add clarity to sentences Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs They answer when, where, and how questions. Intensifiers are adverbs that answer the question to what extent or how much When? Today, we began rehearsals for the play. Where? They walked here from the station. How? The actor spoke clearly and loudly. To what extent? We thoroughly enjoyed the performance. Thursday

Adverbs Many adverbs, sometimes called adverbs of manner, end with the suffix –ly. Adverbs can modify prepositions and prepositional phrases. They arrived here just after dinner. Her hand reached almost to the top. Adverbs can modify subordinate clauses and complete sentences. I’ll play the tape again only if you want me to. Surely, he didn’t mean to put the car in reverse. Many negatives—for example, not, n’t, barely, and never—are adverbs; they can interrupt parts of a verb phrase. He should not have moved backward. Thursday

Week 6 quiz Pick up and begin your quiz at the bell.