How to translate compound words

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Compound Words A compound word is made up of two words. Each word is able to stand by itself with its own meaning. The compound word creates a new meaning. example: sawdust = saw + dust

beach + ball = beachball

pan + cake = pancake

water + fall = waterfall

English language has a special process by which new words can be formed from already existing ones. Single word can be joined together to form a new compound word whose meaning is given by the sum of the two meanings of the matrix words. In English there are some special types of compound words. .

compounding We will now examine compounds formed by only two words, the latter of which is usually the one that establishes the grammatical category. 1. NOUN + NOUN TROUBLEMAKER = someone who makes trouble WORKPLACE = place where people work

2// ADJECTIVE + NOUN BLACKBOARD = board with a black surface. So An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.

For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse. Exocentric: compounds do not have a head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts:

For example, the English compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing. In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents. For example, a must-have is not a verb but a noun. English language allows several types of combinations of different word classes:

N + N lipstick , teapot A + N fast food , soft drink V + N breakfast , sky-dive N + V sunshine , babysit N + A capital-intensive , waterproof A + A deaf-mute , bitter-sweet

main challenges of translating English compounds into Arabic main challenges of translating English compounds into Arabic. Compounding is linguistically a common process across many languages where compounds are frequently formed. In English compounding is highly creative and innovative, and often used as a means of introducing new phrases or coining new words into the lexicon.

In contrast, Arabic is less resourceful In contrast, Arabic is less resourceful. Arabic does not possess similar multiword expressions as an integral linguistic mechanism that merges language items to form a unit of language that can be broken down into single words and display idiosyncratic features.

The following are illustrative examples of compounds errors: the term „outdoor‟ is translated as «خارج المنزل which back translates as “outside the home. This can mean anywhere and not necessarily outdoors. Therefore some loss in meaning has occurred which is erroneous in this instance. This loss could have been avoided because

Arabic does have an appropriate expression for it“ في الهواء الطلقwhich back translates as „in the open air‟. The translator should have been aware of it and used it. the term „indoor‟ in the expression „indoor workers‟ seemed to cause  problems for the translator.

It was translated asالعمال داخل المنازل والمكاتب which back translates as “those working inside houses and offices”. This rendering excluded factory workers and other types of indoor workers, which constituted a loss in meaning. The translator could have used the terms “inside” or “inside buildings” to cover more types of indoor workers.

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