Ferdinand Tonnies community/society scheme economy Rural industrial dimension village city orientation tradition progress values Local universal Social tie (relations) strong weak Social control members law family extended nuclear member Controlled but protected Free but alone

Mary Douglas grate/group scheme community society

Lyfestyle Relations community Orientation: tradition Values: local Social control: members Orientation: progress Values: universal Social control: law Relations Relations weak Membership contextual Members Free but alone Relations strong Membership strong Members Controlled but protected society