Cardiovascular System

Functions of the Cardiovascular System Transport nutrients and O2 to body Transport waste Distribute hormones & antibodies Help maintain homeostasis Help control body temp Constriction of blood vessels retains heat Expansion of blood vessels releases heat

Heart Structures Heart: 4 chambered, hollow structure In mediastinum Tilted slightly to left Contains own blood supply

Heart Structures Atria Two upper chambers of the heart R atrium receives unoxygenated blood from body L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Heart Structures Ventricles Lower chambers of heart Pumping chambers Pump under high pressure

Heart Structures Myocardial Septum Separating wall dividing chambers into right and left halves

Heart Valves Tricuspid valve Mitral or bicuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle Mitral or bicuspid valve between left atrium and left ventricle

Heart Valves Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery Aortic valve Between left ventricle and aorta

Layers of Cardiac Tissue Pericardium Double membrane covering heart Outer fibrous layer Inner watery layer-epicardium Provides protection

Layers of Cardiac Tissue Myocardium Muscular Pumps blood Endocardium Smooth inner layer Prevents damage to blood cells

Types of Circulation Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2 poor blood to lungs where CO2 exchanged for O2 Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2 rich blood to body

Path of Blood through the Heart http://www. youtube. com/watch Oxygen Content Structure Body Superior/Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Lung Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Exchange of CO2 and O2 Deoxygenated Exchange of Co2 and O2 Oxygenated

How the Heart Contracts Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)-Natural pacemaker Atrioventricular node (AV node) Bundle of His Perkinje fibers Surround ventricles Causes contractions Normal heart rate: 60-90 beats per minute (bpm)

Main Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart Largest artery: Aorta Carry O2 blood except pulmonary arteries Divide into smaller branches called arterioles which connect to capillaries

Main Blood Vessels Capillaries Connect arterioles and venules Smallest vessels-one cell thick Allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

Main Blood Vessels Veins Carry blood to heart Largest: superior & inferior vena cava Carry low oxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins Branch into smaller venules Have one way valves to prevent back flow of blood

Blood and Blood cells

Blood and Blood cells Average adult has 4-5 L of blood which circulates every 20 seconds 25 trillion RBCs Divides into solid & liquid portions

Blood and Blood cells Plasma Fluid portion of blood Contains special proteins that help blood to clot Contains nutrients, gases, waste products

Blood and Blood cells Formed elements: Leukocytes Erythrocytes Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes Largest part of blood solids Produced in bone marrow Main function Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen attaches

Leukocytes Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes Main functions Fight disease and infection Removes foreign particles

Thrombocytes Cell fragments Release chemicals to start blood clotting

Disorders of CV System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUt1xXASm_s

Atherosclerosis Accumulation of fat in coronary arteries Leads to hypertension

Hypertension AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer Risk factors: Heredity Smoking Sedentary Race Hi-fat diet Untreated, will lead to permanent damage to heart, blood vessels and kidneys

Myocardial Infarction AKA: heart attack Causes: Obstruction of coronary arteries results in tissue death Symptoms: Persistent chest pain Nausea Dizziness Profuse sweating Untreated, will lead to cardiac arrest

Congestive Heart Failure Inability of heart to pump blood adequately to meet body’s needs May strike suddenly or may be chronic Symptoms: Swelling Shortness of breath Hypotension Rapid pulse

Anemia Most common blood disorder Causes: Inadequate HGB, RBC’s or both Inadequate Iron Symptoms: Fatigue Pallor Rapid heart rate

Leukemia Aka: blood cancer Abnormal increase in number of WBCs Immature WBCs replace RBCs which reduces amount of O2 Symptoms: Fatigue Anemia Bleeding gums Excessive bleeding May be life threatening

Sickle Cell Anemia Genetic condition Malformed red cells “sickle” Cause pain as vessels are blocked

Blood Typing The population is divided into four blood groups: A, B, AB or O The types are distinguished by the presence or absence of specific proteins (antigens) on the surface of the red blood cells or specific proteins (antibodies) in the blood serum Each antibody has a unique binding site that can combine with the complementary site of a foreign antigen, which disables the antigen

Blood Typing Blood Type Antigens on RBC Antibodies in Plasma A Anti-B Anti-A AB A and B None O Anti-A & Anti-B

Blood Typing Rh factor: The Rh factor is another protein factor on red blood cells, separate from A, B, O proteins. Rh positive blood means the Rh factor (protein) is present on the red blood cells. (85% of the U.S. population is Rh positive). Rh negative blood means no Rh antigen is present in red blood cells. The Rh factor is important in transfusion and pregnancy.

Erythroblastosis fetalis Rh- mother has Rh+ baby, some blood is mixed during delivery Mother’s blood forms antibodies to Rh+ red blood cells With another Rh+ pregnancy, antibodies will attack baby’s blood and causes agglutination of baby’s red blood cells

The End

Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Anti-Rh Serum Blood Type Slide #1 Mr. Smith Slide #2 Mr. Jones Slide #3 Mr. Green Slide #4 Mrs. Brown