I. The Enlightenment [1600s] Enlightenment: intellectual movement to solve problems new ways of thinking about society: - gov’t - religion - economics - education

philosophes: French social thinkers  discussed politics and ideas 1. Reason: truth through applying logica 2. Nature: what is natural is also good and reasonable 3. Happiness: seek joy on earth – don’t wait until afterlife 4. Progress: society and humankind could always improve 5. Liberty: freedoms [i.e. gained from Glorious Rev and Bill of Rights]

Ideas of the Enlightenment reason: - makes humans unique - can be used to solve problems  improve lives - freedom from ignorance, superstition, unfair gov’t natural laws - world and human behavior governed by them - should be reflected in gov’t - encourage education and debate

Legacy belief in progress  social equality more secular, non-religious outlook on life - math/science can explain “works of God” - religious tolerance individualism  look inside self for guidance

Classwork -- Enlightenment In your groups, you will be responsible for becoming an expert on your philosophe and sharing this expertise with your classmates You must: - complete a graphic organizer on chart paper - fill in a chart identifying the thinker, his/her idea, and his/her immediate impact and future impact - share your chart with the rest of the class

Philosophes Thomas Hobbes all humans naturally selfish and wicked  need a strong ruler social contract: people agree to give total control to a monarch John Locke learn from experiences to improve all people born free and equal w/ 3 natural rights - life, liberty, and property gov’ts job to protect rights -if gov’t fails citizens have right to overthrow it

Philosophes Voltaire freedom of speech and religion made fun of clergy, nobles, and gov’t Montesquieu separation of powers – checks and balances Rousseau individual freedoms “man is born free and everywhere he is chains”

Philosophes Beccaria justice system  laws exist to promote order, not to avenge crimes Wollstonecraft women’s education should not be secondary tom men education  virtuous and usefulness

Enlightened Despots absolute rulers who used power to reform society Maria Theresa (Austria, 1700s) - improved tax system – nobles and clergy had to pay too - primary education available to children Joseph II (son of Maria Theresa) - modernized gov’t - religious toleration - ended censorship

Enlightened Despots (cont’d) Catherine the Great (Russia 1762) - asked for advice from nobles, free peasants, and towns people - built schools and hospitals - education of women - extended religious toleration

Democracy and Nationalism Enlightenment ideas inspired - individualism - basic equality of humans nationalism spreads (loyalty to people who share beliefs – not to the ruler) - fight for democratic gov’t age of revolutions - American, French, Latin American