„Forestfireprotection in Poland and Europe.” ____ ______ __ _______ _______

Lungs of the Earth Forest is plant formation which trees are dominated. The most important feature of forests is that the arrangement of vegetation is vertically arranged. It created specific ecosystem which plants, animals, soils, water and microclimate are interpendent. That all are forms an andivisible whole. It is one of the most complex and persistent terrestial ecosystem in the world. It can be created on the natural way and by human participation. The floristic composition of the forests and the structure of its layers are mainly determined by the local characteristics of the forest habitat.

The types of woods European Union countries with forest area 157 mln ha represent about 4% of the area forests of the world. Europ’s forestry (without Russia) is 32,2% The forest area per capita in Europe is 1.37 ha Deciduous forest - a forest ecosystem dominated by deciduous tree species of coniferous plants, with or without a small admixture of conifer species. Deciduous trees drop leaves in the winter. They are in a warm temperate climate. In deciduous forests there are usually fertile soils, rich in humus, rich fleece and undergrowth. Their fleece is composed of perennials, sometimes with shrubs. In the ground layer there are often mosses. Deciduous trees: beech, oak, hornbeam, maple, ash, elm, linden Animals: deer, deer, elk, bison, wolves, lynx, wild boar, wild boar, hare, scythe, robin, thrush, woodpecker. In addition, in the forest runes are often found nornice and mice, and in the litter: mites, snails, frogs, lizards, moles, hedgehogs, hogs. Coniferous forest, otherwise boron-a forest in which all or most of the trees are conifers. They occur mainly on temperate soils in temperate climates. They are predominantly dominated by various species of spruce, fir, larch. In addition, in the forest fleece you can find blueberries, heather or black berries. If the area where the forest is located is very wet, it can be found in marsh and moss. Mixed Forest is a formation in which the share of conifers and deciduous trees is the same or very close to each other. In the mixed forest dominated by oaks, beeches, maples, hornbeam, ash, spruce, larch and pine. Mixed-species animals include roe deer, deer, foxes, wolves, badgers.

The ecological functions of forests The main function of the forest is to produce oxygen and replenish its stocks in the atmosphere, but also to keep dust and gaseous air pollution. Residents of forested or forested areas can enjoy pure air. Trees bind carbon dioxide molecules and alleviate the greenhouse effect. Forest is primarily a place of life for many animal and plant species. It also counteracts acid precipitation

General protection At every day woods are protects by foresters. They diagnose hazards that may adversely affect the condition of the forest. Every year, measures are taken to preserve the sustainability of the forest and its absolute resistance to harmful factors. Sometimes it is not enough and the forests are exposed to the factors caused by the inattention and negligence of the people.

Fire protection: An enormous threat to the forest is fire. Forest fire protection is based on an efficient and effective system that makes it possible to quickly detect fires, alert appropriate emergency services and carry out firefighting. It is important we must not leave rubbish, cigarette butts, not burn in woods without firewood and not camp in unmarked places.

Risk and consequences of forest fires: Progressive climate change, which is characterized by rising temperatures and weather conditions, increases the risk of forest fires.The potential for forest fire risk, variable long-term time in ten-year forest management plans, based on habitat, climatic, anthropogenic and forest fire criteria, determines the vulnerability of a classified area to the possibility of fire.In Europe, the threat is 65% and about 40% in the world. Forecasting fire hazards is based on automatic meteorological meteorological measurements, weather forecast model, humidity and meteorological data, and combustible material determines the hazard level. Fires cause atmospheric changes due to emissions of combustion products, disturbing global biogeochemical cycles, especially the carbon cycle. According to the research on economic assessment of damage caused by forest fires, ecological losses are about 5-6 times higher than direct losses. Valuation of the non-productive functions of the forest, the ability of coal to be absorbed by burnt stands, greenhouse gas emissions, burnt soil, destroyed fauna and flora.

Trash in the woods ,,The forest itself does not litter!” People are responsible for the impurities in it. In the woods there are cleaners in the woods and there are garbage baskets in the woods. How long does waste disintegrate? glass – about 4000 years paper – about 3-5 months plastic – about 100 – 1000 years metal – about 100 years Animals often eat some of the waste in the forest, for example - wild boars, which can lead to serious poisoning and even death. Other wastes like glass can bite into the body of the animal and cause infection. Dangerous substances get into the soil and contaminate the environment.

Deforestation The consequence of the ever-increasing demand for wood, cultivated land, urban construction is deforestation, the process of over-cutting of forests. Running a forest economy should be sustainable - the amount of wood obtained within a year can not exceed the wood mass increase during the year.

Sources http://www.bryk.pl/wypracowania/geografia/geografia_fizyczna/8225-lasy_charakterystyka_i_funkcje.html https://www.wlin.pl/las/lesnictwo/zachowanie-sie-w-lesie/smieci-w-lesie/http://hakierka.pl https://upload.wikimedia.org https://pixabay.com https://c1.staticflickr.com https://www.bdl.lasy.gov.pl http://www.encyklopedialesna.pl/ http://www.lasy.gov.pl „Oblicza geografii” Podręcznik dla szkół ponadgimnazjalnych, zakres podstawowy. Radosław Uliszak, Krzysztof Wiedermann. www.zsl.ibles.pl/documents/abstracts_2016/ZSL-14Szczygiel%20Perlinska.docx

Authours of the project Dominika Błaż Anna Faber Anita Bugiel Zespół Szkół Ponadgimnazjalnych nr 5 w Krośnie, klasa 1fl