Sex Determination Worksheet

SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE Worksheets color Blind Test A. COLOR-BLINDNESS, Recessive trait on the X chromo. Lack of pigments made in the eye which are for color vision Most common form is RED/GREEN color blindness In Caucasian population 8% OF MALES, 1% FEMALES B. HEMOPHILIA protein for blood clotting is missing Recessive carried on the X chromosome 1 IN 10,000 MALE, 1 IN 100,000 FEMALE births C. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY There are 9 types Protein to keep muscle cells together is missing. Starts ages 2-6 and leads to progressive deterioration of muscle tissues http://www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.asp

II. SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE http://learn. genetics. utah A. NON-DISJUNCTION DISORDERS -1 IN 1,000 people are affected by this with Sex Chromosomes Failure of chromosomes to separate evenly during metaphase in meiosis B. TURNER SYNDROME XO Zygote ABSENCE of a 2nd X OR Y. A YO zygote is not viable. Person appears to be female Sex organs may not be fully developed, STERILE C. KLEINEFELTER SYNDROME XXY, Male in appearance Extra fat in chest and hips No facial beard D. SUPERMAN/Jacob Syndrome XYY, SLOW MENTAL ABILITY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR 10% of male prison population E. SUPERWOMAN XXX, LEARNING DISORDERS Above average height

Karyotype image of all 23 chromosome pairs Animation Learn how to Karyotype/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ShPzzrCetE

SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS Trait is on a body chromosome BALDNESS is expressed differently phenotypically in the sexes. BALDNESS is a dominant allele B in men. BB/Bb inheritance can lead to baldness. In woman however it is bb recessive. If she is Bb she is not bald. Scientists believe though it is probably polygenetic trait, many genes are needed, not just 1. Male pattern Female pattern

PEDIGREE CHART Worksheets

PEDIGREE CHART DETAILS http://www. zerobio

BLOOD GROUPS Co-dominant inheritance WHICH BLOOD TYPE IS MOST COMMON? TYPE O WHICH IS THE NEXT MOST COMMON? TYPE A WHICH IS THE RAREST? TYPE AB WHICH IS THE 2ND RAREST? TYPE B

DONORS RECEIVERS A’S CAN GIVE TO ? A’S, AB’S B’S CAN GIVE TO ? B’S, AB’S AB’S CAN GIVE TO AB’S, O’S CAN GIVE TO ? ANYONE! THEY ARE A UNIVERSAL DONOR A’S CAN RECEIVE FROM A’S & O’S B’S CAN RECEIVE FROM B’S & O’S O’S CAN RECEIVE FROM? O’S ONLY! AB’S CAN RECEIVE FROM AB’S, A’S, B’S, & O’S ! THEY ARE THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS!

II. BLOOD GROUPS-TYPING Antigen

BLOOD TYPE PUNNETT SQUARE BLOOD TYPE ALLELES Blood types are Co-dominant TYPE O- ii TYPE A- IA IA ( homozygous) OR IA i (heterozygous) TYPE B- IB IB (homozygous) OR IB i (heterozygous) TYPE AB- IA IB Codominant

Rh TYPE HW online Blood Typing Game BLOOD GROUPS ALSO HAVE ANOTHER ANTIGEN (protein on cells) FOR Rh Rh+ ALLELES- Rh+/Rh+ OR Rh+/Rh- Can receive Rh+ or - Rh- ALLELES- Rh-/Rh- Should get only Rh- because produce anti-Rh if ever given Rh+ blood Example If a PREGNANT WOMAN has an Rh+ BABY & SHE IS Rh- then it could be a problem if the CORD BLOOD MIXES with the MOM’S 2nd pregnancy she COULD produce ANTIBODIES AGAINST the BABIES BLOOD & CAUSE DEATH of the BABY

DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISORDERS PRENATAL SCREENING DOWN SYNDROME TRISOMY OF 21ST chromosome 1/ 800 BIRTHS AMNIOCENTESIS insertion of a needle to extract Amniotic fluid from the placenta of the FETUS. Collects cells from the fetus Done in the15-20TH WEEK of pregnancy-4-5th month KARYOTYPING of fetal body cells. Analyze number, size, shape of chromosomes RESULTS take several weeks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZcGpjyOXt0

DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISORDERS CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING Removal of EMBRYONIC CELLS from the placental membrane of the fetus at 10-12 weeks (2-3 months of pregnancy) RESULTS 1-2 weeks, RISKIER for the mom (bleeding) or miscarriage of the fetus BOTH AMNIOCENTESIS and CVS can detect >100 genetic disorders http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chorionic-villus-sampling/multimedia/chorionic-villus-sampling-video/vid-20121056

CODOMINANCE Two genes are expressed equally ONE gene is not DOMINANT over the other gene Two dominant genes Are expressed How does this happen?

JOSEPH KOLREUTER Crossed white rr x red RR carnations He got…Rr which were pink! Phenotype was in between the parents He crossed the Rr hybrid F-1 and got red, white and pink combos This shows that R is incompletely dominant over the r gene r does not code for a protein but R can not compensate for this so an intermediate hybrid is created

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE PHENOTYPE is in between that of either parents genes