American Political Culture Why are Americans different from other countries and each other?

What is American political culture?

Important Questions about American Political Culture. What do we mean by political culture? What is American political culture and where did it come from? Is there an anti-democratic part of American democracy?

Political Culture Definition: Widely shared set of norms, beliefs and values concerning the relationship of citizens to their government. (McClosky and Zaller 1984)

Distrust of Government Equality (Inequality) Popular Sovereignty Some Aspects of American Political Culture These aren’t as clear as they might seem and not everyone would make the same list. Liberty Individualism Distrust of Government Equality (Inequality) Popular Sovereignty Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights (Minority Rule) Positive Role for Government  

Liberty We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Liberty as fewer limitations? laissez faire capitalism Taxation

American Culture, Taxes and Equality of Opportunity The Whiskey Rebellion (1791) in western Pennsylvania against a tax on whiskey to pay for debt.

Distrust of Government Equality (Inequality) Popular Sovereignty Some Aspects of American Political Culture These aren’t as clear as they might seem and not everyone would make the same list. Liberty Individualism Distrust of Government Equality (Inequality) Popular Sovereignty Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights (Minority Rule) Positive Role for Government  

Individualism Individualism as a personal basis for rights Separation between the public and private spheres

Equality Equality of Outcome Principle: A society’s commitment to equality is best measured by whether its citizens generally achieve equal levels of income. Equality of Opportunity Principle: A society’s commitment to equality is best measured by whether its citizens generally have the same opportunities to achieve income.

Inequality Destruction of indigenous peoples Slavery Segregation Persistent income and opportunity disparities Sexism Anti-immigration discrimination

Popular Sovereignty “We the People of the United States…” Popular sovereignty is the theory that government’s legitimacy and right to rule is based upon the consent of the governed, and government should serve the people.

Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights Elections where the majority selects the representatives who have legal authority With limitations upon their authority The majority is frequently unhappy with the limits?

Minority Rule Propertied white males Judicial Review Senate Three-Fifths Compromise Electoral College Persistent bias in the electorate

Positive Role for Government? We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Sources of American Political Culture 1. England: “Glorious Revolution" (1689) 2. Classical Liberal Philosophers 3. Iroquois Confederacy 4. History on the continent

Classical Liberals Thomas Hobbes John Locke Montesquieu The Leviathan (1651) John Locke Second Treatise on Civil Government (1689) Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Jean-Jacque Rousseau The Social Contract (1762)

Classical Liberals State of Nature (Hobbes) Nasty, brutish and short (Hobbes) Social Contract (Hobbes) Government as arbitrator of economic exchange (Locke) Some limits on government (Locke) Separation of powers (Montesquieu) Born free but everywhere in chains (Rousseau)

Some Thoughts Our culture includes support for some positive ideals. Liberty, individualism, equality, popular sovereignty, majority rule with minority rights Sources Philosophers History and contact with Indigenous cultures Is there an anti-democratic part of American democracy? Distrust of democracy Slavery