Chapter 6 Review
What is the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other? Discrimination
What is the method of teaching complex behaviors in which small steps are reinforced? Shaping
Whose research led to the discovery of operant conditioning? BF Skinner
What technique involves the pairing of a pleasant stimuli with a fearful one? Counterconditioning
What is a form of observational learning in which people observe others’ behaviors and mimic them? Modeling
What indicates when and how often a behavior is reinforced? Schedules of reinforcement
What is the act of responding in the same ways to things that appear to be similar? Generalization
Whose research led to the discovery of classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov
Systematic desensitization What is a method of removing fear that involve gradual exposure to a feared stimulus? Systematic desensitization
What is it called when a person is exposed to an intense fear provoking stimulus until their fear goes away? Flooding
What kind of response is UNlearned and occurs automatically? UNconditioned
With classical conditioning, the unconditioned RESPONSE and conditioned __________ are always the same. RESPONSE
What must happen for spontaneous recovery to be possible? The response must first become extinct
What is the goal of Negative Reinforcement? To increase the frequency of a behavior when removed
Rewarding a mouse every time it performs a certain action is: Continuous Reinforcement
A token economy (like mole-bucks) “pays” people for correct behavior A token economy (like mole-bucks) “pays” people for correct behavior. These payments are what kind of reinforcers? SECONDARY
What do punishments seek to do? Decrease a behavior
Slot machines use what schedule of reinforcement? Variable ratio
What does the P in PQ4R stand for? Preview
Which is better, massed or distributed learning?
What is it called when a conditioned stimulus no longer causes a response? Extinction
What is a secondary reinforce? One that’s value must be learned
What type of conditioning focuses on the results of future actions? Operant Conditioning
If a behavior is reinforced every 5th time it occurs, what schedule is being used? Fixed Ratio
What type of learning occurs when you demonstrate knowledge despite never needing to before? Latent learning
Observational learning What type of learning is it when a child learns how to tie a shoe by watching his parents? Observational learning
Which type of learning is it when you learn from other peoples’ mistakes? Vicarious reinforcement
Who do you make a PERSONAL contract with? yourself
With the exception of latent learning, cognitive psychologists view learning as: Purposeful
Why is the PQ4R method effective? It takes an active approach to learning
Is taste aversion a learned avoidance of a particular food? Yes
Are primary reinforcers necessary for an animals survival? Yes
Do negative reinforcers seek to stop unwanted bahaviors? No
Do behaviors learned through partial reinforcement last longer? Yes
Was the PQ4R method developed by an educational psychologist? Yes
What is an unconditioned stimulus? One that automatically causes a response
What is a neutral stimulus? One that is meaningless
What is discrimination in conditioning? Being able to recognize that things are different and should be treated differently Example: a wolf and a dog
What does interval refer to? time
What does ratio refer to? Number of responses
What are types of learning involving cognitive factors? Observational Latent Vicarious Reinforcement
What are the R’s in PQ4R Read Reflect Recite Review