New Government Unit 4

Articles of Confederaton Section 1

State Governments 3 Branches Legislative Executive Judicial Most powerful Executive Governor Restricted Power Judicial

Republicanism “consent of the governed” Republican Motherhood Property owning citizens would run the government Not included: NA, Women, A-A, poor Republican Motherhood Mother’s raised patriots

The Articles Confederation Power Independent states working together November 1787 Power Legislative –Continental Congress Equal vote by state 9 of 13 vote to pass laws 13 of 13 to amend Foreign Affairs Army/War Coin $ States retained most power

Problems with Article Money States Foreign Nations War Debt No power to collect taxes Paying for military Inflation Trade with Britain States Could not settle disputed between states (lack of courts) Foreign Nations British made expansion difficult Spain negotiations over New Orleans difficult

West NW Territory Land Claims Land Ordinance of 1785 Needed to be settled and used Land Claims States had to give up claims System for adding new states? Land Ordinance of 1785 Townships – 6 sq miles 4 Government Sections, 1 for Schools Northwest Ordinance System for statehood No slavery

Problems/Convention Section 2

Frustrations with Articles Shay’s Rebellion Merchants Trade between states difficult Creditors had not been repaid Philadelphia Convention Called to revise the A of C

Constitutional Convention 12 States Not RI Secret James Madison’s Thomas Jefferson and John Adams absent

Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Representatives based on population New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislature Equal Representation The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) Bicameral Legislature Upper House – Senate – Equal Representation Lower House – House of Rep – Representation based on population

Three-Fifths Compromise Counting Slaves for Representation? South – wanted to count all North – Can’t vote – why count? Compromise 3/5’s of population would count Used for tax purposes earlier Outlaw of Slave Trade after 20 years Fugitive Slave Law

Checks and Balances Each branch could check on each and therefore balance out the power Ex: Executive Branch may veto Legislative Branch laws Judicial Branch Set up somewhat independent Appointed by President, approved by Senate, cannot be removed Final Document approved at convention Some wanted Bill of Rights

Constitution Section 3

Article I Legislative Branch Lawmaking Congress Senate House of Representatives

Article II Executive Branch Executes or Enforces the Law Presidency Evolved over the years

Article III Judicial Branch Interprets the Laws Left somewhat incomplete intentionally

Remaining Articles Article IV Article V Article VI Article VII Relations between states and federal government Article V Amendment Process Article VI Supremacy Clause Article VII Ratification

Ratification Section 4

Federalist and Anti-Federalist Supporters Liked strong central government James Madison/Alexander Hamilton Support in Cities Anti-Federalist Opponents Wanted more state power Distrust of Central Authority More of Population Sam Adams/Patrick Henry/Robert Yates (Brutus) Wanted a Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers Essays defending the Constitution written in NY newspapers Publius – John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Persuade NY to support Constitution Power/Division Madison warned against division Spoke in support of how separation of powers would limit power Papers and organization of Federalist led to ratification by 11 states

Bill of Rights States ratified upon promise of Bill of Rights James Madison Limit power of all three branches 10 of 12 approved The Ten 1-8 civil liberties 9 – rights not listed 10 – Delegated and Reserved Powers Focused on protecting state power