What are the negative consequences associated with food deserts?

Models of Urban Systems Rank-Size Rule Primate City Classic Models Concentric Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model World-regional Models Latin American City African City Southeast Asian City Islamic City

Rank-Size Rule Relatively developed societies produce a ranking in the hierarchy of their cities according to a mathematical formula The nth largest settlement in a region is 1/n the population of the largest settlement in the region Felix Auerbach (1913) suggested George Zipf (1941) created formula Zipf’s Law Generally applies more to MDCs than LDCs

United States 2010 Population NYC LA Chicago Houston Philadelphia 8,310,212 LA 3,792,621 Chicago 2,695,598 Houston 2,099,451 Philadelphia 1,526,006 Phoenix 1,445,632 San Antonio 1,327,407 San Diego 1,307,402 Dallas 1,197,816 San Jose 945,942

Germany 2010 Population Berlin Hamburg Munich Cologne Frankfurt 3,275,000 Hamburg 1,686,100 Munich 1,185,400 Cologne 965,300 Frankfurt 648,000

Urban Primacy In less developed countries/regions (not always), the largest city is overly populated. These large cities are known as primate cities The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. Often located in former colonial cities that were the center of economics/politics Also located in countries that have (or had) strong monarchies Binary Distribution: when there are two very large cities of almost equal population within the same region India: Mumbai & Delhi

Primate Cities Mexico City, Mexico London, UK Jakarta, Indonesia 2nd Largest City Mexico City, Mexico 8,605,239 London, UK 8,174,100 Jakarta, Indonesia 8,540,121 Mogadishu, Somalia 2,587, 183 Ulan Bator, Mongolia 844,818 Guadalajara 1,646,183 Birmingham 1,074,300 Surabaya 2,374,658 Hargeysa 477,876 Erdenet 79,647

Internal City Structure NORTH AMERICAN MODELS Concentric Zone - Burgess Sector Model – Hoyt Multiple Nuclei - Harris and Ullman

Functional zonation The division of a city into different regions or zones (residential, industrial, etc.) for certain purposes or functions (housing, manufacturing, etc.) This is the idea that we have certain areas of a larger city that play certain roles in the city’s life House people Produce goods Educate students Governmental administration

Concentric Zone E.W. Burgess 1923 Based on Chicago 5 rings Concentric Zone = Burgess Model 1923 Based on Chicago 5 rings CBD: nonresidential activities Can be subdivided into other sub districts (theater, retail, government, etc.) Zone in Transition (ZIT): Industry & lower-income housing Working-class homes Zone of middle-class homes Commuter zone As areas expand, zones will overflow into subsequent zones (invasion) causing current residents to move further away (succession)

Sector Model Homer Hoyt 1939 Response to the limitations of the Burgess model Impact of transportation routes: roads, canals, railroads City develops in sectors, not rings Industry will develop along good transportation lines Similar land uses and socioeconomic groups will clump together. New housing develops on the outer edges of a sector Creating a cone (wedge, sector, slice of a pie)

Multiple Nuclei Harris and Ullman 1945 CBD losing its dominance Multiple centers (polycentric) emerge around various activities Ports Universities Airports Parks Suburban businesses These centers might attract other activities Universities might attract activities that are beneficial to higher education & students Bookstores, fast food, etc. Airports might attract hotels, etc. More complex than concentric zone or sector Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

Similarities Accessibility is important Distance decay is applicable CBD is most accessible \ more competition \higher land values Distance decay is applicable Land value & population decrease with distance Ignore the influence of skyscrapers (or other high-rise buildings) on urban land use Separated residential areas Due to socioeconomic status (SES) Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

Criticisms Ignores the importance of high-rises There are not clearly defined boundaries between zones Don’t display the impact of terrain (physical) or government policy Urban re-development Don’t account for gentrification A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low- income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner- occupied area. Don’t apply outside of North America Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

Galactic City or Peripheral Model -Design based on urban sprawl and car based living. -CBD has been decentralized: Sprawl allows many services to locate on edge settlements. EX) Summit Mall -Low-income residents live near industrial areas and highways

Models outside of North America

European Cities In contrast to U.S. cities, wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings of the upper-class sector Not just in the suburbs Europeans cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD Often away from factories, on higher elevations Before electricity social segregation was vertical Meaning poor people lived in the basements or attics of buildings Today lower income families live outside the inner-city Mainly outskirts

Latin America A.K.A. Griffin-Ford Model 1980 CBD Housing Traditional market sector Modern high-rise sector Commercial Spine Extends from CBD, surrounded by elite residential housing End of “Spine” is “mall” a small edge city Housing Elite residential surrounds commercial areas Higher income housing closer to CBD Squatter settlements develop in outer rings Socioeconomic Status decreases as distance increases from city center

SE Asia T.G. McGee 1967 Wealth starts in core and moves out. Periphery become more and more low-income (Squatter). Port Central part of the city No CBD Broken into areas surround port (government zone, etc.) “Alien Commercial Zone” Dominated by the Chinese Often has smaller zones within other larger zones

Sub-Saharan Africa Less urbanized, but fastest growing urban areas Colonialism played a big role in the development of cities Kinshasa (DRC) Nairobi (Kenya) CBD 3 CBDs Colonial (former) Market zone Traditional CBD Residential Often along ethnic lines

Islamic City Climate Religion Other characteristics Light-colored surface Buildings designed to catch rainwater Twisting streets to maximize shade Religion Mosque at the center of the city, main focal point Promote privacy Smaller windows Cul-de-sacs/dead-end streets limit foot traffic in residential areas Other characteristics Open-air markets