LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY CAUSES CONSEQUENCES

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Presentation transcript:

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY CAUSES CONSEQUENCES Arkive http://www.arkive.org/species Nature Serve Explorer http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/

Biodiversity What have we lost and what are we losing? To answer this issue we turn to the IUCN www.iucn.org

IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN was founded in October 1948 Today it’s the largest professional global conservation network  Has more than 1,000 professional staff in 62 offices worldwide Brings together 113 governmental agencies, 850 plus NGOs, and some 11,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a unique worldwide partnership It’s mission is to influence, encourage, and assist societies to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure resource use is equitable and ecologically sustainable IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments IUCN supports governments, NGOs, international conventions, UN organizations, companies and communities to develop laws, policy and best-practice

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species http://www. iucn Classifies species according to their extinction risk Searchable online database containing the global status and supporting information on about 45,000 species Primary goal is to identify and document the species most in need of conservation attention and provide an index of the state of biodiversity

Red List Categories Extinct or Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable: species threatened with global extinction Near Threatened: species close to the threatened thresholds or would be threatened without ongoing conservation measures Least Concern: species evaluated with a low risk of extinction Data Deficient: no evaluation because of insufficient data

IUCN Red List http://dodosgone.blogspot.com/ Contains 784 documented extinctions 60 extinctions in the wild since 1500 AD Over the past 20 years, 27 documented extinctions or extinctions in the wild Underestimates the true number of extinctions Rates of extinctions 100 to 1,000 times natural background extinction rates

IUCN Red List Major analyses (i.e., global trends) of the red list are made approximately every 4 years – called Global Species Assessments These were produced in 1996, 2000, and 2004, and 2008 - http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/ species/red_list/2008_red_list_summary_statistics/ Also annual updates of information

IUCN Red List – 2008 Update 2008 assessment includes 44,838 species 869 (2%) are extinct or extinct in the wild 16,928 (38%) are threatened with extinction 3,246 critically endangered 4,770 endangered 8,912 vulnerable 5,570 have insufficient info to determine their status (data deficient) Underestimates the true number of extinctions Rates of extinctions 100 to 1,000 times natural background extinction rates

Why are we losing biodiversity Why are we losing biodiversity? Most Important Fact Molding our Lives Today is that we’ve Gone Around the Bend on a Series of J Curves INCREASING POPULATION INCREASING USE OF FINITE RESOURCES INCREASING POLLUTION

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH Time to Attain Year Attained 1st Billion 2-5 Million Years About 1880 2nd Approx. 130 Years 1930 3rd 30 Years 1960 4th 15 Years 1975 5th 12 Years 1987 6th 12 Years 1999 6.7 10 Years 2009 http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html

The fact that we’ve rounded the bend on these J curves points out the primary cause of the decay of organic diversity - the habitat destruction that inevitably results from the expansion of human populations and human activities

The extent to which humanity has already wreaked havoc can be shown by a study of human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis Vitousek, P.M., P.R. Ehrlich, A.H. Ehrlich, and P.M. Matson. 1986. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36:368-373

IUCN Data - Causes of Threat Habitat loss and degradation - most pervasive threat, impacting 86% of threatened mammals, 86% of threatened birds, and 88% of threatened amphibians Overexploitation – 33% of mammals and 30% of birds are affected by overexploitation and invasive species. Invasives are affecting 67% of threatened birds on islands Pollution – 29% of amphibians are affected by pollution and 17% by disease

Mammals Amphibians Birds Habitat Loss Over-exploitation Invasive Species Human Disturbance Pollution Natural Disasters Species Dynamics Incidental Mortality Disease Persecution 0 40 80 0 40 80 0 40 80 Percentage Species Affected

IUCN Data - Causes of Threat Threat processes in freshwater and marine systems poorly understood Freshwater species are most threatened by habitat loss, followed by pollution and invasive species Marine species are most threatened by over-exploitation – incidental mortality as a result of fisheries is an increasing threat, affecting seabirds, marine mammals and other marine species.

How did we get into this mess How did we get into this mess? Perhaps its due to the fact that most people operate with a frontier mentality based on three ideas That the world has an unlimited supply of resources for human use That humans are separate and apart from nature That nature is something to overcome

These attitudes stem in part from Judeo-Christian teachings Biological Imperialism Thinking of ourselves as apart from nature Thinking that there is always more

Human Impacts on the Earth Man in Nature – Early Hunter Gatherers Man vs. Nature – Shepard & Farmer Man vs. Nature – Industrial Man

What is needed is a transformation from industrial man to the earthmanship man idea That we accept the limits to mans control over nature That we see the entire world as an interconnected unit To protect ourselves we must protect nature

We have a distorted view of Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory “survival of the fittest”

Loss of Biodiversity Some things I want to point out Primary cause of the decay of organic diversity is not direct human overexploitation but habitat destruction Many of the less cuddly, less spectacular organisms are more important to our future than most publicized endangered species Most important reason for conserving diversity is the role that organisms play in providing free ecosystem services The loss of genetically distinct populations within species is as important a problem as the loss of entire species

Why should we care if populations become extinct Underestimate the rate of loss of organic diversity May find the destruction of natural habitat morally objectionable Aesthetic value of a species diminishes as populations disappear Direct economic value is generally reduced

Why should we care if populations become extinct Influences the probability of persistence of the entire species In an evolutionary sense this could result in the death of birth