Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt pyramids built Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) extension of Egyptian control into Nubia New Kingdom (1570-1075) militaristic - Hebrews enslaved mummification perfected

Outline Geography Religion Government Daily Life Middle Kingdom Gods Pyramids Mummies Government The Pharaoh Daily Life Middle Kingdom New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis Permits some trade Defense from invasion Contributes to feeling of safety preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6

“Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion Encourages Predictable Irrigation systems Encourages Trade Communication Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile

I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying. East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun over 2000 gods Pharaoh as living god Afterlife Evolution of who has an afterlife Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart Evolution of Egyptian mythology known as a ruler in the Nile delta - a local god regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats II. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6

Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded: Bodies be interred whole Material goods for use in afterlife be present The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs First were mastabas Then pyramids Then later… hidden tombs

Mastaba

II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) Orientation is exactly North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5 tons Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps 1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6

Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mummy Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6

Second inner coffin lid 1 2 3 4 5 6

Funerary Gifts Gift bearers Shawabti box Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Temporal power owns all the land and people and what people posses law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6

III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Religious direct descendant of the Sun god controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh 365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6

III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. Daily Life in Egypt Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs main food is beer and bread Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height Four social classes - slaves on the bottom Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6

Flood, planting and harvesting cycle. Farming Rented land Worked together Flood, planting and harvesting cycle. Shaduf: a bucket attached to a long pole that helped fill irrigation ditches.

Boats Boats were used for a variety of reasons from transportation in life to death. Made from papyrus or wood Had sails and oars. (similar to Viking longships) Gods used them, Ra travelling across the sky Largest boat found was for Khufu by the Giza pyramids

IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels Different pronunciations MNFR as Memphis SR as Osiris TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Egyptian Farmers & animals IV. Egyptian Artwork Stela (carved stone) Egyptian Farmers & animals Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6

V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE End of civil wars, farming and trade return move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) public improvements drain swamps, canal to Red Sea belief in afterlife expands to include common people tombs instead of pyramids better protection for mummies. 1 2 3 4 5 6

V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt Known as the Empire period development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses development of a professional army became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6

Resources Nile- the super highway of Egypt Gold deposits- found and mined in Nubia and transported down Nile Salt-The desert regions also gave Egypt a rich supply of salts, particularly natron, brine and soda. These were used in medicine, to preserve and flavor food and to tan animal hide. Rock-Sandstone and limestone were quarried and shaped without any machinery or cutting tools. Flax-Flax had two main uses: oil and fiber. Wood-little wood, no building but some furniture Beer- main drink of choice of people

Social classes Pharaoh- god king Social elite, the nobles, who effectively governed Egypt for the pharaoh. educated professional classes, such as scribes, accountants and doctors. workers and craftsmen, like soldiers and builders. slaves and servants, as well as farmers

Ahmose (reigned from c1550 – 1525 BC) Started rule as boy 10 yrs old later full pharaoh, waited 10 years till full take over. defeated Hyksos that had taken lower Egypt Unified Egypt Wanted to make Egypt great again attacked Nubia for gold mines. At death had made Egypt wealthy and strong again.

Hatshepsut (1479 - 1458 BC) Was one of 3 female pharaohs in 3,00o yrs. When husband/brother died stepson still young boy and was co-regent Took sole power, not popular because of mans world, used propaganda & cunning. Stepson led army and to figure out way around it, sent them Punt=success. After 22 yr. reign died stepson tried (did good job) of wiping her from history till 1903 H. carter.

VI. Threats to Tradition Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE Nefertiti Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism political move against priests of Amon-Re moved capital to Amarna worshipped Aton, the sun disk royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE King Tut (Boy King) child ruler ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey built many monuments to himself last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6