Makala: the necessary evil Jan Willem den Besten, IUCN-NL

Contents Charcoal: filling a need Charcoal: the issues African forests landscapes: from not doing bad to creating net-positive impacts Integrated approaches Technical Governance Financial Case: GIZ’s work on sustainable charcoal and “energy forests”

Wood and Charcoal: filling a need Wood fuel meets around a tenth of the world’s energy demand In some developing countries more than 90% of the people rely on fuelwood, charcoal and crop residues for cooking and heating. 760 Million Sub-Saharan Africa rely on firewood and charcoal as their primary source of energy for cooking, heating and other uses. In 2007 charcoal was a US$8-billion industry, employing more than 7 million people in the sub-region (World Bank) Sector grows with 3% annually (FAO), number of users will rise to 2.7 Billion by 2030

Over-arching issues of domestic fuel wood and charcoal Contributes to degradation and loss of natural forests, biodiversity, soils Serious health and gender safety problems Major contributor to GHG emissions Often linked to illegal networks and practices Link with food security Sustainable production is not prioritised by donors, governments and food programs

Moving towards net-positive impact: potentials of landscape restoration Climate change mitigation Climate change adaptation Biodiversity protection Maintain productivity Broader Sustainable Development benefits Provisioning of water, food and energy Soil health and mineral cycles Poverty reduction Clarification of land use issues

Need for integrated approach Technical Landscape governance Economic and financial

Technical – production and cooking Clean cook stoves Sustainable production of charcoal Alternatives for charcoal: pellets Community plantations Engage/ set up local SMEs

Integrated Landscape Governance Complementary strategies: forest protection, sustainable management restoration; sustainable production Work with all relevant economic sectors Inclusive solutions; rights of indigenous peoples and local communities Government legislation and use planning Law enforcement Monitoring and transparency Engage actors along the value chain

Economic and financial Woodlots: Commercial plantations and/ or reforestation with natural species Building the business case; need for public and private sources Payments for social, climatic, environmental and health impacts Certification of agro(-forestry) commodities; landscape standards Stoves: Linking payback of loans for stoves to maintenance schedules and monitoring of use Landscape investment plans Investments in enabling environments

Case: GIZ Energy forests - Fuel Wood through Forest and Landscape Restoration Sustainable charcoal value chain Innovative kiln and stove technology Afforestation by smallholders trained in forest planting and management Granting of long-term land and use rights Government makes ’waste land available’ Small rural businesses with market share and traceability Improvements in the political and legal framework

THANKS