Whip Around What is your favorite physical characteristic on a person? E.g. smile, hair, height, style of clothing, etc. Think about this question and be prepared to share aloud.

Chapter 5 Connecting through Nonverbal Communication Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

What Is Nonverbal Communication? Behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects—whether intended or not—that communicate messages with social meaning are known as nonverbal communication. We have a tendency to take nonverbal communication for granted. We spend more of our time communicating nonverbally than verbally. We often make our daily decisions based on our nonverbal communication. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication occurs constantly Nonverbal communication depends on context Nonverbal communication is a primary means of expression Nonverbal communication is more believable Nonverbal communication is related to culture Nonverbal communication is ambiguous Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Things You Should Know about Nonverbal Communication Carries most of the meaning of the message, particularly feelings and attitudes toward others. Is a frequent source of misunderstandings. Is not governed by a set of universal rules. Is multi-channeled, complicated, and ever-changing. Is bound to context and culture. Is more likely than verbal communication to be spontaneous and unintentional. Is powerful and more believable than verbal communication. Is learned (not always consciously). Is critical in relationship initiation, development, and termination. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication Complementing Completes, describes, or accents a verbal message. Repeating Expresses a message identical to the verbal one. Regulating Controls the flow of communication. Substituting Replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signals to exchange thoughts. Deceiving Nonverbal cues that purposely disguise or mislead to create a false impression. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication Complementing Verbal Behavior The use of nonverbal cues to compete, describe, or accent verbal cues is called complementing. We use complementary nonverbal cues to accent verbal behavior by emphasizing or punctuating our spoken words. Repeating Verbal Behavior Repeating is the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning as the verbal message.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication Regulating Verbal Behavior Nonverbal cues can also be used to control the flow of communication, known as regulating. Senders might not realize they are sending regulating cues, but receivers are usually aware of them. Substituting for Verbal Behavior Substituting is the use of nonverbal cues in place of oral messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate. Emojis serve as substitutes for oral communication.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication Deceiving Purposefully misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create false impressions or to convey incorrect information is deceiving. Lying cannot be confirmed on the basis of nonverbal behaviors alone.

Table 5.1: Functions of Nonverbal Communication Category Characteristic Example Complementing Completes, describes, or accents a verbal message A person needs help immediately, so he yells as loudly as possible. Repeating Expresses a message identical to the verbal one A person says “yes” and nods her head up and down. Regulating Controls flow of communication A person nods his head as a way of communicating, “I am interested in what you are saying,” implying “tell me more.” Substituting Replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signs to exchange thoughts Two people use hand signals to communicate, because the environment is too loud to hear each other’s voices. Deceiving Nonverbal cues that purposefully disguise or mislead to create a false impression A doctor examining a patient discovers a serious problem, but the doctor’s facial expressions remain neutral so as not to alarm the patient.

Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous Nonverbal behavior can have many possible meanings Impossible to be certain which interpretation is correct Courtship and sexuality Some people have more difficulty decoding nonverbal signals Perception checking can be a useful tool

Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial expression, body movement Physical characteristics Touch Space Time Paralanguage Silence Artifacts Environment

Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial Expressions and Body Movements Kinesics Oculesics Eye behavior Facial expressions Facial management techniques Intensifying—exaggeration of reactions to others’ expectations Deintensifying—understatement of reactions to meet others’ expectations Neutralizing—avoidance of any emotional expression in a situation Masking—replacement of one expression with another considered more appropriate Facial Management Techniques Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Facial Expression Styles The withholder Little facial movement The revealer Constantly shows others how they feel The unwitting expressor Limited number of expressions the speaker thought were masked but in actuality were not Blanked expressor We see a blank face, but person thinks an emotion is being displayed Substitute expressor Show other facial expression than the real emotion felt Frozen-affect expressor Part of an emotion displayed at all times

Categories of Body Movement and Facial Expressions Emblems: translate directly into words Illustrators: accent, reinforce or emphasize verbal messages Regulators: control, monitor or maintain interaction between communicators Affect displays: body movements that express emotions Adaptors: body movements that help one feel at ease Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Nonverbal Communication Body Movement Body Orientation The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head Posture By paying attention to the postures around your own, you’ll find another channel of communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication Paralanguage/Vocalics Paralanguage or vocalics is the way we vocalize or say the words we speak. Paralanguage includes pitch, vocal force, rate, quality, and pauses or silence. Silence Vocal pauses are hesitations, usually short in duration. Silence is an extended period of time without sound.

Touch/Haptics One of the most basic forms of communication. Categories of touch: Functional-professional Social-polite Friendship-warmth Love-intimacy Sexual arousal Chapter 5, page 108 Medioimages/Photodisc/Getty Images Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Physical Characteristics Body type Attractiveness Height/weight Skin tone

Artifacts Artifacts Personal adornments Possessions Photo courtesy of Marilyn Shaw Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Nonverbal Communication Appearance Physical Attractiveness Men and women whom others perceive as attractive are rated as: Being more sensitive Kind Strong Sociable Interesting Occasionally has a negative effect

Types of Nonverbal Communication Appearance Physical Attractiveness Influence begins early in life Something we can control

Types of Nonverbal Communication Appearance Clothing One writer suggests that clothing can convey at least ten types of messages to others: Economic background Level of success Economic level Moral character Educational level Social background Educational background Social position Level of sophistication Trustworthiness

Who would you advance?

Friends and Nonverbal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4

Our body and its features Body Shape Endomorph Soft, Round, Fat Overweight compared to their height Judged as lazy, old-fashioned, friendly, warm, agreeable

Our body and its features Body Shape Mesomorph Bony, Muscular, Athletic Balanced in terms of height and weight Perceived as strong, adventurous, assertive, self-reliant, confident, competitive, hot-tempered, argumentative

Our body and its features Body Shape Ectomorph Tall, Thin, Fragile Underweight compared to their height Sensitive, Cautious, Shy, Nervous, Serious, Quiet, Introspective

Our body and its features Body smell Americans do not seem to rely consciously on their sense of smell for much interpersonal information unless perspiration, odor, breath, or some other smell is unusually strong or inappropriate for the situation American’s cover up their aroma http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLTIowBF0kE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x3_9ncpJl8

Types of Nonverbal Communication Voice Paralanguage Describes nonverbal, vocal messages Unintentional pause Vocalized pause Can affect behavior in many ways Sarcasm Some vocal factors perceived more positively than others

Types of Nonverbal Communication Physical Space Proxemics - Distance The study of the way people and animals use space. We each carry an invisible bubble of personal space wherever we go We feel uncomfortable when this bubble is violated Different cultures develop different bubbles

Types of Nonverbal Communication Physical Environment Physical settings affect our communication Can shape the kind of interaction that takes place in it

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Deception Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deception Clues Leakage Inadvertent signals of deception Facial expressions Pupil dilation Speech patterns

Deception Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deceptions Clues Three findings: We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies We have a strong tendency to judge others’ messages as truthful http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXm6YbXxSYk

Deceit in Popular Culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXytQOkNaq4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbOgHa34Ec8

Influences on Nonverbal Communication Culture Cultures have different nonverbal languages Some nonverbal behaviors have different meanings from culture to culture Subtle differences can damage relationships Distance and eye contact varies around the world

Influences on Nonverbal Communication Culture Differences in cultural rules can lead to misunderstandings Nonverbal convergence shows that skilled communicators can adapt their behavior Some nonverbal behaviors have same meaning around the world https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCODUvKbzE (culture and space)

Time - Chronemics Study of how people perceive, structure, and use time as communication Time expectations Time approaches Looking to the future Living in the present Longing for the past

Influences on Nonverbal Communication Culture The use of time depends greatly on culture Monochronic Emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time Polychronic Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time

Influences on Nonverbal Communication Gender Some differences are physiological Some differences are rooted in socialization Females usually more nonverbally expressive and better at recognizing others’ nonverbal behaviors More similar than different

Influences on Nonverbal communication: Space - Proxemics Hall’s Proximity Zones Intimate: 0-18” Personal: 18” - 4’ Social: 4’-12’ Public: 12’ plus Territoriality: need to identify certain space as one’s own. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVSIkEi3mM&feature=related (Seinfield)

Let’s Practice Pick a partner. Show intimate space. Show personal space. Show public space. Show social space.

Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication Self-monitoring is: The willingness to change behavior to fit a situation An awareness of how we affect others The ability to regulate nonverbal cues To improve interpretation of nonverbal communication: Be observant and sensitive to the messages you receive. Verify unclear or inconsistent nonverbal messages.

Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication There are three reasons for misinterpreting nonverbal communication: Nonverbal cues have multiple meanings. Nonverbal cues are interdependent. We use the functional approach when we use more than one nonverbal message at a time to look for meaning. Nonverbal cues are subtle. If you are not certain of a sender’s intention, use descriptive feedback to verify the message’s meaning.

Telling the Truth: It May Not be What you Say; It’s How you Behave Assuming that deception is an all-too-common aspect of social life, what are its effects? As you might guess, they are largely negative. Often, we make assumptions about the truthfulness of people based on the inconsistencies of their nonverbal and verbal messages. A student’s eyes are wandering during a test – he claims he’s not looking at his neighbor’s test; a student smiles while looking at her laptop scree, and when asked what she is looking at, claims that she is taking notes; or a student’s head is down and he is peering at his cell phone, but, when asked about texting, he claims he was just checking the time. What nonverbal cues can signal that a person is not being truthful? On a scale of 1-10 (with 10 being extremely confident), how confident are you to conclude, on the basis of nonverbal cues, that a person is not being truthful. Explain your rating. When is it appropriate to be deceptive, if ever?

Observation assignment Let’s refer to the learning web Next Time: Nonverbal observation discussion Bring a printout of your notes to turn in