NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America? Mexico Spanish South America

Latin American Class System The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America, rights depended where you were in this system Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs Peninsulares (1/%) Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs Creoles (22%) Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army Mestizos (15%) Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs Mulattos (7%) Slaves (5%) African, labor jobs Indigenous People, few jobs available Indians (50%)

SAINT DOMINGUE (Haiti) 1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against “owners” in the F. Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture French send troops to retake the island Toussaint agrees to stop the rev. if Fr. ends slavery on (Haiti) After slavery is restored, the French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps More slaves join the fight 1804: French army defeated & nation of Haiti created – Napoleon leaves the Americas

Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing grip on Lat. Am colonies SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing grip on Lat. Am colonies 1811: Influenced by Am.& Fr Rev a Creole General Simón Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain Simon Bolívar 1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru

1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA 1816: Creole General José de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay) 1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies Jose de San Martín 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile

1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru 12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle Peru and Boliva Cap-Gen of Chile

NEW SPAIN (Mexico/Central America) 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join 1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army Miguel Hidalgo Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities Padre José Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians, declare Mexican Independence 1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America Agustin Iturbide Dom Pedro I