2.1 Biological Macromolecules Nature’s Building Blocks SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. SWBAT: Describe the basic molecular structure the primary function of carbohydrates and lipids
Prior Knowledge Discussion Describe the characteristics required to be considered a living organism. Composed of cells Reproduce Contain DNA Grow and Develop Use and obtain energy Respond to their environment Maintain a stable internal environment /eliminate Waste Evolve: change over time
Prior Knowledge Discussion - Particles of matter - Atoms - Elements - Molecules - Macromolecules - Cell organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Organisms - Populations - Ecosystems - Biospheres - Planets - Planetary Systems with Stars - Galaxies - The Universe And finish really big. Wow.! All of that is possible because of atoms!
If everything is made of molecules, what are molecules made of? Prior Knowledge Discussion If everything is made of molecules, what are molecules made of? Atoms! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khD8fvpqKYI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-iPPwDAk1Q
FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS Almost all life forms on Earth are primarily made up of only four basic elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology) Why are these call the building blocks of life?
Atoms are Elements!
Where are they Located on the Periodic Table? Lets take a look at the Periodic Table and find where are the building blocks of life. Review: What are groups and families? What is the name of: Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8? Which ones are the metals and the non-metals? Are the Building Blocks of Life metals or non-metals?
Macromolecules are polymers constructed of many organic molecules called monomers. Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer. Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.
Life’s Macromolecules The key components of every living cell are made of macromolecules. “Giant Molecules” The four kinds of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in the ratio 1:2:1 Example: C6H12O6 Specific numerical relationship between their elements. Includes starches, celluloses, chitin & gums Constructed from simple sugars = monosaccharides Monosaccharides
Glucose Glucose: C6H12O6 this is a hexose sugar (six carbons) most commonly found in this ring structure. Glucose will be known to most students as a product of photosynthesis or the substrate molecule for respiration. Glucose is also found in a polymer as starch, glycogen or cellulose. All bonds are covalent. Glucose is metabolically active compound
Lipids Lipids are made of Carbon, Hydrogen and some Oxygen ( C, H, O) Long term energy storage Chemically all fats and oils are triglycerides (simple lipids). Fats are those lipids which are solid state at 20°C. Oils are those lipids which are liquid at 20°C. Fats tend to have longer fatty acids with saturated bonds. This makes their structure densely packed and raises the melting point.
Lipids Insulators and energy storage Saturated: Solid @ room temperature Unsaturated : Liquid @ room temperature
Triglyceride Triglycerides are made of Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids Are the principle molecule in the cell membrane they form the 'bilayer' that is the cell membrane.
Phospholipids The molecule is in two parts a) Polar hydrophilic phosphate heads. b) 2 Non polar hydrophobic tails This diagram is a short hand version of the phospholipid molecule.