ROME

The Geography of Rome Rome= small city state Center of Mediterranean Sea Broad, fertile plains support large population

The History of Ancient Italy

Italy in 750 BCE

Romans drive out Etruscan king 509 BC Set up republic – “thing of the people” Keep any individual from gaining too much power

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

Roman Republic Senate = 300 members, serve for life, create laws Patricians = landholders Consuls= elected by Senate, serve as check to power, serve 1 term, command army, supervise government Plebeians= farmers, merchants, artisans, traders Tribunes= officials elected by Plebeians Veto over harmful laws Slowly gain power- consul, senate

Dictator Ruler with complete control Senate chooses dictator in time of war-- WHY? Dictator has power for 6 months, then must give up power Cincinnatus = Model Roman Dictator Farmer given dictatorial powers in early republic Organizes army, leads Rome to victory, and then gives the power back to the senate and returns to his fields

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Carthaginian Empire Carthage= N. African city state Competes with Rome for power in Med. world

Hannibal’s Route Hannibal= Carthaginian general Leads army on march to Rome, defeated by Romans

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Rome expands lands through military conquest Julius Caesar Pompey Two generals vie for power- Caesar wins

Julius Caesar Army commander forces Senate to make him dictator “ I came, I saw, I conquered” Reforms: Packs Senate w/ supporters Public Works = Jobs Public Land to poor Julian Calendar

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE Fearing that he will disband Senate and become king, senators plot to kill Caesar to save republic

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor Wins battle for power Assumes absolute power Augustus = “Exalted One” Enforces Laws Jobs based on merit Public works New coins= easy trade Postal service

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

Problem: Who Rules next? Romans don’t like the idea of hereditary rule Emperor name successor Leads to corruption, violence, intrigue

PAX ROMANA “RomanPeace” - 200 year period Roman Rule = peace, prosperity, order, unity “A world everyday better known, cultivated, and civilized” Why? Comparisons?

Bread and Circus How should / can a large population of people be controlled by the government? Entertainment= chariot races, gladiator contests Free Grain to Poor General Prosperity / bread and circus hide underlying problems ….have we done this in the US????

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Decline 26 Emperors in 50 years High taxes needed to support army, infrastucture = burden on mid class and poor / business and farmers, declining lifestyles as wealth dwindles Upperclass lead excessive, decadent lifestyle Small farmers put out of business- move to large estates to work Decline in values- patriotism, discipline, gov’t becomes more and more authoritarian

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337 Edict of Milan= free worship to all Romans Establishes new capital “Constantinople” East = center of power

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch