Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy & Physiology Introduction to the Human Body Southwest Area Career Center Heather Schmidly R.N. Hillyard Technical Center

Overview Levels of organization (from simple to complex) Anatomy & Physiology Overview Levels of organization (from simple to complex) Major organ systems Anatomical position, relative positions, regional terms Planes of the body Major body cavities Hillyard Technical Center

Levels of Organization Body is arranged from simple to complex Anatomy & Physiology Levels of Organization Body is arranged from simple to complex Cells- Basic unit of all living things Tissues- Groups of similar cells combine to form tissues Organs- Group of tissues arranged to perform a particular function Systems- An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to perform a particular function. I. Levels of Organization From Simple to Complex The body is arranged from simple to complex, from atoms to molecules to larger molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to the human organism (you). Structure and function are related. Line ’Em Up - Write the words in picture (Figure 1-2) on cards, shuffle, and ask the students to line ’em up (from simple to complex). Hillyard Technical Center

Structure and Function Anatomy & Physiology Structure and Function Clinical Situation Ask the students to observe his/her own body and provide an example similar to those in the picture (Figure 1-1), showing the relationship of structure and function. Class discussion: ask for similar examples from the animal world, such as the elephant’s trunk, and the elevated placement of the crocodile’s eyes. B. Organs, Organ Systems, and Homeostasis 1.An organ is a group of tissues arranged to perform a particular function. 2.An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to perform a particular function. There are 11 major organ systems. Hillyard Technical Center

Major Organ Systems Integumentary System Musculoskeletal System Anatomy & Physiology Major Organ Systems Integumentary System Provides the covering for body Maintains body temperature. Musculoskeletal System Provides movement, Support Protection Calcium storage Production of blood cells Medication Adminstration I/O Insertion 3.The integumentary system provides the covering for body, and maintains body temperature. 4.The skeletal system provides support and protection. 5.The muscular system enables the body to move. Hillyard Technical Center

Major Organ Systems, cont. Anatomy & Physiology Major Organ Systems, cont. Nervous system controls and coordinates the body activities Heart and circulatory systems Transport nutrients and oxygen around the body, Removes waste from cells Endocrine system Secretes hormones that help control body activities such as growth and reproduction. 6. The nervous system is concerned with sensation, interpretation, integration. The heart and circulatory systems transport nutrients and oxygen around the body. The endocrine system secretes hormones that help control body activities such as growth and reproduction. Hillyard Technical Center

Major Organ Systems, cont. Anatomy & Physiology Major Organ Systems, cont. Lymphatic system is concerned with defense against pathogens and foreign substances. Produces antibodies, Manufactures wbc, Filters impurities such as dead cells et bacteria Digestive system takes in, breaks down, and absorbs food; it then excretes waste. Respiratory system takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. 9. The lymphatic system is concerned with defense against pathogens and foreign substances. The digestive system takes in, breaks down, and absorbs food; it then excretes waste. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. Hillyard Technical Center

Major Organ Systems, cont. Anatomy & Physiology Major Organ Systems, cont. Urinary system excretes waste as urine and regulates body water and dissolved substances. Reproductive system is concerned with the production of offspring. Homeostasis means staying the same. Refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment. 12. The urinary system excretes waste as urine and regulates body water and dissolved substances. The reproductive system is concerned with the production of offspring. 14. Homeostasis means staying the same. The term refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment. Hillyard Technical Center

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomical Terms Anatomical position - body standing erect, arms by the side with palms facing forward. Anatomical terms describe the body in its anatomical position. Paired terms that describe direction include superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, proximal and distal, superficial and deep, central and peripheral. 4.The three planes, or cuts, are the sagittal plane, the frontal (coronal) plane, and the transverse plane. II. Anatomical Terms A. Anatomical Position 1.The anatomical position is the body standing erect, arms by the side with palms facing forward. 2.The anatomical terms describe the body in its anatomical position. 3.Paired terms that describe direction include superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, proximal and distal, superficial and deep, central and peripheral. 4.The three planes, or cuts, are the sagittal plane, the frontal (coronal) plane, and the transverse plane.   Shape It Up Using modeling clay, create a small figure in anatomical position (Figure1-4). One group of students sections the figure in a sagittal plane, the second group sections the figure into a transverse plane, the third group sections the figure into a frontal plane, and the fourth group sections the figure into a coronal plane. Display and discuss the sectioning, noting that the frontal and coronal planes are the same. Hillyard Technical Center

Regional Terms Anatomy & Physiology Hillyard Technical Center 5.Regional terms are illustrated (Figure 1-6.)   Word Wall Using the words in Figures 1-4, 1-5, and 1-6 create a word wall. Word Sort Sort the words into: 1)two groups: words that refer to structures above the diaphragm and those that refer to structures below the diaphragm 2)three groups: words that refer to the upper extremities, lower extremities, all other words Match ’Em Up Refer to Figure 1-8. Make a series of cards with the following descriptions. Each team of students draws a card and identifies the correct quadrant and region. 1) The appendix is located in the right upper quadrant. 2) The patient complained of midepigastric pain. 3) The umbilical region appeared reddened. 4) A mass was located in the right lower quadrant. 5) The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant. 6) The liver is located in the right upper quadrant. 7) Compose additional directions. Hillyard Technical Center

Major Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity contains the brain. Anatomy & Physiology Major Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity contains the brain. Spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains the spinal cord. Ventral Cavity Ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. Thoracic cavity Above the diaphragm Contains the right and left lungs; it also contains the mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and the large blood vessels attached to the heart). B. Dorsal Cavity 1.The cranial cavity contains the brain. 2.The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains the spinal cord. C. Ventral Cavity 1.The ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. 2.The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and contains the right and left lungs; it also contains the mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and the large blood vessels attached to the heart). 3.The abdominopelvic cavity is located below the diaphragm. 4.The abdominal cavity is the upper part that contains the stomach, most of the intestines, the liver, the spleen and the kidneys. 5.The pelvic cavity is the lower part that contains the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the lower part of the Intestines.   Word Wall Create a word wall from the words in Figure 1-7. Word Sort Sort the words into: 1) two groups: words that pertain to the dorsal cavity and those that pertain to the ventral cavity 2) two groups: words that are confined to the thoracic cavity and all other words Hillyard Technical Center

Major Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity is located below the diaphragm. Abdominal cavity Upper part Contains the stomach, most of the intestines, the liver, the spleen and the kidneys.

Major Body Cavities Pelvic cavity Lower part Contains the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the lower part of the Intestines.  

Areas of the Abdomen Anatomy & Physiology 6. For reference, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants and nine regions. Hillyard Technical Center