Unit 2 – Organization of Life OL 1 – Investigate cell structure and processes, including energy transfer and transport of materials, in unicellular and multicellular organisms which are representative of each kingdom.

What is diversity? Where does it come from?

What is diversity? Where does it come from? A range of different things Synonym = variety Diversity is a result of mutations You can find diversity between kingdoms, phylum… all the way down to individuals within a species hair colour in individuals Cell wall in fungi is different from the cell wall in plants

What is similar? What is different? Plant cell wall

Plant cell wall What is similar? What is different? The glucans cross vertically in fungal cell walls while the glucans are stacked in plant cell walls. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. Plant cell wall

What do the following have in common?

What about these?

And these?

What makes something living?

What makes something living? Living things grow. Living things consume materials used to build new structures or replace damaged parts. Living things reproduce. Most living things make copies similar to themselves. One-celled organisms make exact copies of themselves by binary fission. Living things respond to their environment. Living things respond to light, food temperature, etc. The ability to change makes living things able to survive. Living things are organized. The cell is the basic unit of organization in living things. One-celled organisms contain all the structures needed to survive. What else?

Living or Non-living?

The 3 Domains of Life

The 3 domains of life is a relatively new model More widely known is the 6 Kingdom model The 6 kingdoms are:

The 3 domains of life is a relatively new model More widely known is the 6 Kingdom model The 6 kingdoms are: Archaea, eubacteria, animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista

What’s different about the two cells?

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles What are organelles?

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles What are organelles? Organelles are cellular structures that perform a specific function within a cell.

Tree of Life Tree of life

Animalia Organisms that are a part of this kingdom typically engage in sexual reproduction, cannot create their own energy (heterotrophs), and are motile Are multicellular eukaryotic

Plantae Reproduce sexually and asexually, eukaryotic, produce their own energy (autotrophs), have cell walls, and are immobile

Fungi Are unicellular or multicellular Usually reproduce asexually Immotile Have cell wall

Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes Reproduce asexually Classified based on shape (rod, spiral, or cocci)

Eubacteria Reproduction Transduction: foreign DNA are introduced to a cell through a virus Conjuntion: bacteria with sex pili pass genetic information on to other bacterium Transformation: bacteria incorporate “dead” DNA into their genetic code Binary fission: the splitting of bacterial cells (creating “offspring”)

Transformation

Conjugation

Transduction

Kingdom Protista Reproduce asexually Heterotrophs Eukaryotic Single celled organisms It is believed that protists at some point ingested other free living organisms which resulted in membrane bound organelles, creating more complex life forms

Archaebacteria Are found in extreme conditions Prokaryotic Reproduce asexually unicellular

Halophiles – enjoy salty conditions Thermophiles – live in extreme temperatures Methanogens – live in anaerobic environments and produce methane byproducts

Methanogens and Global Warming Create an argument either for the continuation of increased cattle production or against the continuation of increased cattle production. Your argument/explanation must include how methanogens are involved in the creation of methane gas, how cow digestion works and how cows release methane gas. Your argument must also include at least 5 valid supporting points that help to make your point. There are points that you can take from the videos that we watch – so make some notes while you watch. You will be right either way you argue it – as long as you support your argument!