Anaphora in English vs. Anaphora in Arabic. By: Eman J. Musallsam. Rasha I. Kalloub.

The outline: Anaphora in English the meaning of anaphora the importance of anaphora the devices of English anaphora Anaphora in Arabic the meaning of Arabic anaphora types of Arabic anaphora Similarities and differences between English anaphora and Arabic anaphora Errors committed by students

What is the meaning of anaphora? A. Anaphora in English What is the meaning of anaphora?  Example: 1- Soha went to the cinema yesterday . She didn’t like the film . 2- Ahmed looked out the window . The sky looked threatening , so he decided to take an umbrella .

The importance of anaphora Example: A large gray cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over a large gray cat. * A large grey cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over it .

Devices of English anaphora. 1. Pronouns For example: Once upon a time there was an old woman who had a lazy son . She was forever scolding him . But it made no difference – he spent all his time lying in the sunshine , ignoring her . His main job was to look after her goats, but he preferred to sleep in the sun .

2. Definiteness Once upon a time , there was an old woman who had a lazy daughter . The woman used to scold the daughter all day long . An old woman ---------- the woman A lazy daughter --------- the daughter

3. lexical relationship Example: Once upon a time an old king was very ill . The old man sent for his councilors when they came before him , their ruler told them that he wanted to divide his kingdom.

They didn’t want to go into the water , and he didn’t force them . 4. Ellipsis . For example : They didn’t want to go into the water , and he didn’t force them .

Arabic Anaphora What is Arabic anaphora? Types of Arabic anaphora.

1. The pronominal anaphora (ضمير الغائب)A. A third person pronoun The disjoint personal pronoun The joint personal pronoun

ذهب أحمد إلى المدرسة مبكرا حيث سلك هو و زميله محمد الطريق الأيسر. The disjoint personal pronoun can be: Nominative: ذهب أحمد إلى المدرسة مبكرا حيث سلك هو و زميله محمد الطريق الأيسر. Accusative : " أعجب أحمد باللوحة التي رسمتها فأهديته إياها.

The joint personal pronoun can be: Nominative: أحمد و محمد ذهبا إلى المدرسة مبكرا. Accusative: سار أحمد إلى المدرسة حيث قابله زميله محمد. Genitive: سار أحمد إلى المدرسة و لحق به زميله محمد.

There is another subtype of pronouns which can be suitable for all cases: "ناء الفاعلين ”: "ربنا لا تؤاخذنا إن نسينا أو أخطأنا.” :ربنا genitive تؤاخذنا accusative نسينا genitive

B. The relative pronouns Singular: ”الذي, التي“ Dual: " اللتان , اللذان , اللتين , اللذين“ Plural: " الذين , اللاتي اللائي , اللواتي ”

e.g. "1" : تسابق الطالبان و فاز الذي في المقدمة امتلأ البحر بالسفن اللاتي تشقه طولا و عرضا

C. The demonstrative pronouns   C. The demonstrative pronouns e.g."1" رأيت أحمد و محمد في المكتبة هذين طالبين مجتهدين. e.g."2" سار أحمد مع محمد إلى المكتبة ذاك الطالب المجتهد الذي حصل على أعلى الدرجات.

2. verbal anaphora َيا أَيُّهَا الرَّسُولُ بَلِّغْ مَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَّبِّكَ وَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلْ فَمَا بَلَّغْتَ رِسَالَتَه" ُ-" يجب على الطلاب تسليم واجباتهم في الموعد المحدد فإن لم يفعلوا فهم وحدهم الملومون-

4. The comparative anaphora 3. Lexical anaphora ولد ابن خلدون في تونس ثم هاجر العلامة إلى مصر. 4. The comparative anaphora " َقدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ آيَةٌ فِي فِئَتَيْنِ الْتَقَتَا فِئَةٌ تُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللّهِ وَأُخْرَى كَافِرَةٌ "

5. Zero anaphora . َ"وإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلاَئِكَةِ إِنِّي جَاعِلٌ فِي الأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً قَالُواْ أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَن يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاء وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَ "

Similarities and differences between English and Arabic anaphora A. the similarities: -Lexical , verbal , comparative , indirect , and zero anaphora are included in both languages. -the clearest type is the pronominal as it is used widely in both languages. -The other common type is the verbal one: I miss you I do too.

zero anaphora : Ali writes , reads , and listens to music ; the subject of " reads, listen " is hidden but refers to ِِAli so that it is called zero anaphora .

English and Arabic differ in many cases: According to the gender: First : in Arabic. Second: in English

The third person pronoun According to: The number: Arabic English The third person pronoun _ هي"F“ “M” هو "F+M" It "F" She “M” he Singular هما"M+F" “F+ M” they Dual هم"M“ هن “F” "F+M" They Plural

Intra-lingual and inter-lingual problems What do we mean by Intra-lingual and inter- lingual problems? First: intra- lingual problems. Second: inter- lingual problems: -“is there an omitted pronoun ?“ : الولد يكتب / البنت تكتب /الولدان يكتبان/ الأولاد يكتبون / البنات يكتبن. He write/ she write/ they write.

- Irrational pronoun "it” كشف تقرير في مجلة علمية أن باحثين انتخبوا حبوب معدلة جينيا يقولون أنها تحتوي على كميات أقل من الكافيين. A report in a scientific magazine revealed that researchers produced genetically engineered coffee grains which they say that she contains less quantities of the caffeine .

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