B. The two hypothetical synergies in part A can generate the unique tuning curves for muscles M1 to M3 in response to all 16 directions of translation.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Psy 110: Neuroscience Guest Lecture: Sept 30, 2011 Julie Neiworth Professor of Psychology.

Advertisements

3/2/20041 The Pituitary Gonadotropes. 3/2/20042 Illustrations from Principles of Neural Science by E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, and T. M. Jessell McGraw-Hill,

02-02 W. W. Norton Carpenter, M., Human Neuroanatomy, 7th edition. Baltimore, Maryland: William & Wilkins, © 1976 by Williams & Wilkins.

Second Edition Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of The Mind Chapter 2 The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Norton Media Library Copyright 

The pupillary light reflex is an important sign for determining the level of a brain stem lesion. In patients with depressed consciousness caused by metabolic.

C. The consequences of synaptic integration in ganglia 9 and 10 can be studied by selectively stimulating preganglionic inputs to B or C neurons and observing.

C. Selective stimulation of the two types of gamma motor neurons has different effects on the firing of the Ia fibers from the spindle. Without gamma stimulation.

ACLS algorithm for bradycardia

C. When the weight is larger than expected, the object slips initially, but force is increased before lifting begins. When the subject begins to lift a.

B. Many muscles cross more than one joint to exert an effect on more than one body segment. For example, the hamstring muscles of the leg accelerate the.

B. In the actual case in which the ACh receptor-channel is permeable to both Na+ and K+, experimental results show that the end-plate current reverses.

C. Transgenic mice that express the CaMKII-Asp286 kinase and receive doxycycline perform as well as wild-type mice in learning the Barnes maze task (approximately.

BIOPHYSICS 6702 – ENCODING NEURAL INFORMATION

Fourier power spectra of normal MR tremor (mechanical), enhanced physiological tremor due to thyrotoxicosis (enhanced) and physiological tremor with a.

This is a dual view of a fetal spine

CT showed the fat/blood level in the suprapatellar bursa (E, arrow) and a subtle nondisplaced tibial plateau fracture (F, arrow). Source: Chapter IV-3.

Degradation. At the postsynaptic neuron tropolone inhibits the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which inactivates norepinephrine (6a). Normetanephrine.

[C from: Markowitz SK, Ziter FHM: The lateral chest film and pneumoperitoneum. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15:425–427, with permission.] Source: Chapter II-3. Pneumoperitoneum,

3D and 4D ultrasound volume ultrasound can obtain image planes and provide depth far beyond the capability of 2D ultrasound. Source: VOLUME SONOGRAPHY:

B. Physicochemical features of the AQP1 water channel

Treatment pathways for stage IIIA and stage IIIB breast cancer.

D. Site of stroke is on the left parieto-frontal region

Baseball pitchers initiate a forceful stretch of the shoulder flexors and horizontal adductors immediately before throwing the ball. The stretch reflex.

ACLS algorithm for bradycardia

ACLS algorithm for asystole

Acoustic enhancement increasing the signal off the posterior wall of the bladder (black arrow). Source: Chapter 2. Ultrasound Basics, Handbook of Critical.

(Reproduced with permission from Jemal A, et al: Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 58:71, 2008.) Source: Chapter 17. The Breast, Schwartz's Principles.

C. Asynchronous background input alone drives a low level of firing even in the absence of any signaling input, as seen by the two spikes that occur in.

D. The neural tube bends at the cephalic, pontine, and cervical flexures. Source: Patterning the Nervous System, Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon.

E. Dopaminergic neurons are located in the midbrain and hypothalamus

Removal of varicose veins via stab avulsions.

C. Nerve conduction studies demonstrate changes characteristic of an axonal neuropathy. When the ulnar nerve is stimulated above the elbow or at the wrist,

The eight single-neuron vector clusters and the population vectors shown here represent the activity of the same population of cells during reaching movements.

Sagittal T2-weighted MRI scan of a Chiari showing typical peg-like appearance of cerebellar tonsils and associated syringomyelia. Source: Neurosurgery,

E. Dopaminergic neurons are located in the midbrain and hypothalamus

Scaphoid fracture. A. Scaphoid fracture nonunion. B

[From Pansky B: Review of Gross Anatomy, 6th ed

(F) A femoral hernia follows the course of the femoral artery and vein into the anterior thigh inferior to the inguinal ligament. Source: Chapter II-1.

Illustration of the actions of contraction of the intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, and accessory muscles. (Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

C. When muscle is diseased the number of muscle fibers in each motor unit is reduced. Some muscle fibers innervated by the two motor neurons shrink and.

Hill’s proposed force–velocity curve

B. More recent studies have subdivided the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys into several more functional zones with different patterns of cortical and.

B. Breathing becomes unstable during sleep at high altitudes in most normal individuals. The upper trace shows an example of a Cheyne-Stokes breathing.

E. Dopaminergic neurons are located in the midbrain and hypothalamus

Neurons and other cells express a conserved death program

B. Transmitter release is measured by amperometry

C. Time-lapse cinematography captures the divisions and differentiation of isolated cortical progenitor cells in the rodent. Lineage diagrams illustrate.

Self-portraits by an artist following damage to his right posterior parietal cortex. Each portrait was drawn at a different time after the stroke: at 2.

C. The giant presynaptic terminals of bipolar neurons in the retina are more than 5 μm in diameter, permitting direct patch-clamp recordings of membrane.

D. A view of ion permeation through the channel illustrates the changes in occupancy of the various K+ binding sites. A pair of ions hops in concert between.

C. Neuronal activity of cortical and thalamic neurons becomes synchronized during a primary generalized seizure. The depolarization is dependent on conductances.

Chapter 7 Voluntary Movement.

Regulation of gating in ion channels

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland both directly and indirectly through hormone- releasing neurons. Neurons in the magnocellular neuroendocrine.

C. As the result of an MS plaque involving the posterior columns of the cervical cord, patients may experience an electric shock-like sensation traveling.

Adult basic life support health care provider algorithm

C. Inhibitory interneurons in a relay nucleus are activated by three distinct excitatory pathways. Feed-forward inhibition is produced by the afferent.

B. Sensory information is weighted dynamically to maintain balance and orientation under varying conditions. The figure illustrates findings from an experiment.

C–D. Micrographs of a dorsal root ganglion cell (C) and a motor neuron (D) show the organelles in the cell body that are chiefly responsible for synthesis.

C. A peripheral nerve fiber is myelinated by a Schwann cell in several stages. In stage 1 the Schwann cell surrounds the axon. In stage 2 the outer aspects.

B. The discharge rate in the Ia sensory fiber of a spindle increases during slow flexion of a finger. This increase depends on alpha-gamma co-activation.

PD-weighted images typically have long TR (>2000 ms) and short TE (

B. A deletion of genomic DNA encompassing only a single exon results in the clinically severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A larger deletion encompassing.

[From: Galli : et al: Emergency Orthopedics: The Spine

B. Physicochemical features of the AQP1 water channel

C. The arcuate neurons shown in part B project to multiple regions of the hypothalamus. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a convergence zone for many.

C. As the result of an MS plaque involving the posterior columns of the cervical cord, patients may experience an electric shock-like sensation traveling.

Explaining the action potential with channels, ions, and voltages

Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Presentation transcript:

B. The two hypothetical synergies in part A can generate the unique tuning curves for muscles M1 to M3 in response to all 16 directions of translation in the horizontal plane. The posture controller generates a command signal to each synergy that is tuned to direction of translation (synergy tuning curves). Muscle synergy weightings are multiplied by the synergy amplitudes. Signals from the two synergies are summated at the motor neurons, resulting in EMG activity that is tuned to a direction (the EMG tuning curve). The tuning curve for each of the three muscles is different even though only two synergy commands are used. The contribution of each synergy to the EMG tuning curve of a muscle can also be determined. The black dots indicate the amplitudes of the two synergies and resulting EMG activity of the three muscles for the direction illustrated in part A. Source: Posture, Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon Citation: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ, Mack S. Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon; 2012 Available at: https://neurology.mhmedical.com/DownloadImage.aspx?image=/data/books/1049/kan_ch41_f005.png&sec=59144672&BookID=1049&ChapterSecID=59138671&imagename= Accessed: October 18, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved