Transportation of Radioactive Material in the United States Earl P. Easton

Focus of Today’s Presentation Regulatory Roles and Responsibilities Approval Process for Transportation Packages Transportation Package Designs Your Questions

Regulatory Roles and Responsibilities

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Licenses the commercial use of Radioactive material, including transportation. Certification of Shipping Casks Inspection of Cask Designers, Fabricators Enforcement of Physical Protection Measures Emergency Response – assistance to first responders, lead Federal Agency NRC responsible for safe possession, use, transport of license nuc. Mats. 1st Bul: NRC approves cask designs as acc. Resistant Review of new design takes about 1 year by staff of about 50-60 experts in fields of Struct., Mats, therm.containment, rad prot. Shielding, nuc. Eng… Tests /analysis are done in series: 30’ drop, puncture, fire, and submersion…assume worst orientiation of cask to max potential effects (conservative) NRC approves QAPs and registers users of plans 2nd Bul: NRC inspects to verify regs are met and containers/casks are built in accordance with approved disigns, that shipments follow DOT and NRC requirements. NRC will conduct on site audits/reviews and will document findings in publicly available reports. NRC staff also will often accompany major shipping campaigns.

Department of Transportation Regulates the transportation of all hazardous material, including spent fuel. Hazards communications (marking and labeling of casks, placarding of vehicles, shipping papers, etc.) Carrier safety (rail and highway safety regulations) Route selection criteria

Department of Energy Conducts largest non-commercial transportation of spent fuel and transuranic waste. Will conduct largest transportation campaign for spent fuel to a Repository Route selection using DOT selection criteria Implementation of physical protection measures Emergency response – assistance to first responders, Coordinating Agency under the National Response Plan Funding for emergency response training

State and Local Governments Have lead role in responding to emergencies. May enact additional safety requirements that are not in conflict with DOT requirements.

Approval Process for Transportation Packages

Definition of some common terms Packaging – the actual shipping container Package – packaging plus approved contents Cask – a heavily shielded packaging or package

Types of Packaging

Package Approval Standards

Accident Condition Tests Apply to all “Type B” packages Bound (not mimic) the impacts experienced in credible real-life transportation accidents Impact, puncture and thermal tests are sequential Are designed to be reproducible and consistent

Acceptance Criteria for Accident Condition Tests Loss of shielding Dose rate can not exceed 1 rem/hr at 40 inches Containment Release of radioactive material can not exceed an A2 per week. Criticality Safety Contents must remain in subcritical configuration

Compliance with Accident Condition Tests Full scale testing Pass-fail test Computer analysis Computer programs benchmarked against real data Conservative assumptions Safety margins Computer analysis supplemented with: Full scale component testing Scale model testing

Certification of Spent Fuel Cask Designs Technical Reviews based on Standard Review Plan. Certification may be based on computer analysis, or full or scale model testing. NRC inspects cask designers, fabricators and shippers to make sure that casks are constructed to approved designs.

NRC approvals for radioactive material shipping packages are published every year. NUREG – 0383, Volume 2, Rev. 26 Available online through ADAMS

Before each shipment a spent fuel cask would be: leak tested checked for contamination surveyed for radiation level

Questions