By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY 1914-1918: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Who’s To Blame? Britain was in a power race with Germany “The world needed a great statesman to keep them out of war, but no such statesman existed” Britain was in a power race with Germany Germany was a growing nation trying to prove it’s worth France was worried about it’s declining importance on the international stage Russia, Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were fighting enlightenment ideas of socialism and equality

The Schlieffen Plan France was identified as the German Empire’s most dangerous opponent The Plan: Attack France first, going through Belgium 6 Weeks Once France was in hand, use the strong railway system to move troops to the Russian front The Schlieffen Plan was daring but it had a number of glaring weaknesses: The actions of Russia determined when Germany would have to start her attack on France even if she was ready or not. It assumed that Russia would need six weeks to mobilise. It assumed that Germany would defeat France in less than six weeks. In fact, the attack in August 1914 nearly succeeded and was only defeated by the first Battle of the Marne. Poor communication between the frontline commanders and the army's headquarters in Berlin did not help Moltke's control of the campaign. Also the withdrawal of German troops in response to a higher than expected threat on the Russian front, meant that the Germans did not have the military clout that Schlieffen had built into his original plan. It was a plan that nearly succeeded but its success could only be measured by being 100% successful. France had to be defeated - and this did not happen. Schlieffen's speedy attack and expected defeat of France never occurred - it's failure did usher in the era of trench warfare that is so much linked to World War One.

German Atrocities in Belgium August – September 1914 murder of civilians, mass executions, rapes, mutilations, arson This behavior by the Germans helped encourage Britain to enter the war and turned neutral nations against Germany Germany maintains that the Belgium's were fighting guerilla style warfare against them August – September 1914 murder of civilians, mass executions, rapes, mutilations, arson

Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition” attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materiel

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare Read the story: A Suffolk Farmhand at Gallipoli Pick out a quote that you think portrays the meaning of the story Pick out one word to describe Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” Video

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive that lasted 10 months French Resistance “They Shall Not Pass” Germans finally abandoned the attack after losing 330,000 men to the French 350,000 men

The Somme – July, 1916 The Allied offensive, lasted 4 months The British sent a large force to help France goal was to use numbers to break the Germans Gained 7 miles of ground at the cost of 620,000 men 1st Battle to use Tanks (the new British invention)

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The Eastern Front Stats: 3 Million Med Died 9 Million Men Wounded "When [such a] mass suffers enormous losses ; when they feel, as they will feel, that other and less costly means of achieving the same end might have been adopted, what will become of their morale?" Henderson Stats: 3 Million Med Died 9 Million Men Wounded Every Country Lost It’s Form of Government

Ottoman Empire Joins the Central Powers German Empires early victories (“We will win the war in 6 weeks”) Clashes in the Middle East and Africa with the Allied Powers over colonies Russian aggression in the Balkan Wars

Russia invaded E. Prussia Aug 17th 1914 Germany countered For two years each side gained and lost land Red- Russia Purple- AHE Yellow- Germany Orange Line- Russian advance 1915

A Christian people living next to Russia, but part of the Ottoman Empire As the Russian army threatened this border, the Turkish government “resettled” them. Armed roundups began April 24, 1915 2 Million died in “resettlement” camps Armenia When World War I broke out in 1914, leaders of the Young Turk regime sided with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The outbreak of war would provide the perfect opportunity to solve the "Armenian question" once and for all. The world's attention became fixed upon the battlegrounds of France and Belgium where the young men of Europe were soon falling dead by the hundreds of thousands. The Eastern Front eventually included the border between Turkey and Russia. With war at hand, unusual measures involving the civilian population would not seem too out of the ordinary. As a prelude to the coming action, Turks disarmed the entire Armenian population under the pretext that the people were naturally sympathetic toward Christian Russia. Every last rifle and pistol was forcibly seized, with severe penalties for anyone who failed to turn in a weapon. Quite a few Armenian men actually purchased a weapon from local Turks or Kurds (nomadic Muslim tribesmen) at very high prices so they would have something to turn in. At this time, about forty thousand Armenian men were serving in the Turkish Army. In the fall and winter of 1914, all of their weapons were confiscated and they were put into slave labor battalions building roads or were used as human pack animals. Under the brutal work conditions they suffered a very high death rate. Those who survived would soon be shot outright. For the time had come to move against the Armenians. The decision to annihilate the entire population came directly from the ruling triumvirate of ultra-nationalist Young Turks. The actual extermination orders were transmitted in coded telegrams to all provincial governors throughout Turkey. Armed roundups began on the evening of April 24, 1915, as 300 Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, clergy and dignitaries in Constantinople (present day Istanbul) were taken from their homes, briefly jailed and tortured, then hanged or shot.

Total Mobilized Forces Casualties as % of Forces Country Total Mobilized Forces Killed Wounded Prisoners and Missing Total Casualties Casualties as % of Forces ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3 British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8 France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1 United States 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0 TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3 Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2 Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4 GRAND TOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5 If there was something like the Vietnam War Memorial for all the casualties in WW1 it would be 14 miles long.

The War at Sea German’s responded with the submarine Prior to WW1 the major powers formed an international law that stated countries could ONLY blockade contraband (articles of war) During WW1 Britain ignored this agreement and tried to starve the Central Powers into submission Neutral Powers, mainly America objected “freedom of the seas” German’s responded with the submarine Unrefined weapon- only used to sink other ships Germany notified the international community it would sink any ship off Britain’s coast The Lusitania was sunk May 9th 1915 Sunk in 18 minutes 1,198 people died, 128 Americans In 2008 divers found Remington Bullets in the wreckage, which supports Germany’s claims

The “Colonial” Fronts

Lawrence of Arabia The Hero of the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18 "I decided to go my own way, with or without orders". Ability to speak Arabic led to his commission Renown for not following protocol and his use of guerilla tactics against the Turks The British were losing their campaign in the Middle East. Lawrence used untrained, undisciplined Arab/Native fighters to harass and eventually overcome the Turks Fun Fact: He died at the age of 45 on a motorcycle doing 90mph while trying to avoid two boys who walked into his path.

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

Crash Course http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XPZQ0LAlR4

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers “The Women’s Battalion of Death” 2,000 women ages 13-25 Fought in the June Offensive 1917 In 3 months their numbers were down to 250 The Women's Battalion of Death recruited women between the ages of 13 and 25 and appealed for support in a series of public meetings, enlisting approximately 2,000 soldiers. The Battalion fought during the June Offensive against German forces in 1917. Three months of fighting dwindled their numbers to around two-hundred and fifty.

Effects of the War on Women Voting (maybe not as influential as it seems) England: Right to vote was granted by the 1918 Representation of the Peoples Act (385 to 55 margin) France: Vote not granted until after WWII Work “A truly liberating experience” “Glory of Britain” Jobs were often broken down into simpler unskilled tasks When men returned home many women left the workforce to care for them By 1931 wages had returned to pre-war levels

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Video Machine Gun

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

The Armistice is Signed! 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800   Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800