BELLWORK 2/1 Why did the FLN use guerilla warfare? How did the FLN gain international support? What international aide was offered to them? Explain the effects of the Battle of Algiers. How did the conflict in Algeria change once de Gaulle was appointed as the new leader of France? Explain Barricades Week. What was the OAS? What were they used for in Algeria? List three decisions made between Algeria and de Gaulle during the peace talks. THINKER: Why do you think the Algerian Civil War was not recognized as a “war” by the French government? Can you think of conflicts today where the word “war” is avoided by governments involved? Why?

FLN & Guerilla Warfare By 1957, FLN evolved into a disciplined fighting force of 40,000 Applied hit-and-run tactics Originally aimed at military/police targets Eventually became a terror campaign against anyone deemed to support French authority Colon farms, factories, businesses, transport, communication Heavily populated French urban areas Moderate Muslims (7,000/2yrs) Harkis

Use of Torture Resulted in acts of kidnapping, murder, rape, torture & violence against all How did the French respond? Henri Alleg's book detailed the various torture methods, among which the famous gégène, an electricity generator initially used for telephone purposes Sleep deprivation & food deprivation (blatant violation of the Geneva Conventions) The French military also buried alive old men & did mass executions Policy of “collective responsibility”

Use of Torture "The interrogatories is done in accordance with the provisional guide of the intelligence agent (Guide provisoire de l'officier de renseignement, OR), chapter IV: first, the officer questions the prisoner in the "traditional" manner, hitting him with fist and kicking him. Then follows torture: hanging..., water torture..., electricity..., burning (using cigarettes, etc.)... Cases of prisoners who were driven insane were frequent... Between interrogation sessions, the suspects are imprisoned without food in cells, some of which were small enough to impede lying down. We must point out that some of them were very young teenagers and others old men of 75, 80 years or more”

Women’s roles in the FLN

International Aide How did the FLN gain international support? What international aide was offered to them? Why do you think countries would support the FLN when their brutal methods/tactics were public knowledge?

Battle of Algiers The Battle of Algiers (September 30, 1956) began when three women, simultaneously placed bombs at three sites ….. Why? To increase international and domestic French attention to their struggle, the FLN decided to bring the conflict to the cities French Army was instructed to use whatever methods necessary to restore order Explain the effects of the Battle of Algiers. The FLN succeeded in showing its ability to strike at the heart of French Algeria The publicity given to the brutal methods created doubt in France about its role in Algeria. What was originally "pacification" or a "public order operation" had turned into a colonial war accompanied by torture. French Soldier killing fleeing Algeria while journalists were present

Political Effects for France

Charles De Gaulle How did the conflict in Algeria change once de Gaulle was appointed as the new leader of France? How did colons respond to this?

Role of the Media http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GoAIhFNZ6Y

Barricades Week

OAS What was the OAS? What were they used for in Algeria? Were they successful? Why or why not?

Evian Peace Talks List three decisions made between Algeria and de Gaulle during the peace talks.

Discussion: Effects of the Algerian War France