Reducing Spatial Uncertainty that Undermines Investments in Sustainable Natural Resource Management (NRM): Innovative Indonesian Insights (I3) Chris P.A. Bennett UBC LFS USAID-LESTARI “Towards Economic Stability and Sustainability” 18th Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics, Management and Accounting (MIICEMA) IPB International Convention Centre, Bogor, Indonesia 04 October 2017

A Major Problem: Spatial Uncertainties of Renewable NRM Aggravated by, Misalignment of de jure land use status with de facto environmental function reducing efficiency, increasing uncertainty Sectoral barriers to status – function alignment across necessarily multi- sectoral landscapes False choices between economic growth and environmental management therefore lost opportunities for landscape-based prosperity Misperception that participatory multi-stakeholder processes to better align status and function slow down economic growth rather than enabling and sustaining economic development

Spatial Uncertainty Undermines Investments in Sustainable Natural Resource Management (NRM): e.g., where forestry resource management is undermined by spatial uncertainty, there are “No Forests, No Future.” Minister Marzuki Usman, 2002. but also, where there is insufficient longterm certainty over forestry land resource access, there is, “No Future, No Forests!”

A closer look at the diVide between de jure Land Status and de facto Land Function “Clarification of forest function is more important that forest status [authority] … forest function is most important, hydrological, safeguarding water water resources and other functions … spatial planning must be the leader that guides development …. spatial problems are given insufficient attention by policy makers. Coordination and communication between institutions as well as understanding about their respective land area responsibilities should be highlighted.” “Penegasan fungsi hutan lebih penting dibanding penetapan kawasan hutan …. paling penting adalah fungsinya, fungsi hidrologi, fungsi penyelamatan air dan fungsi lainnya … Tata ruang harus menjadi panglima yang menjadi salah satu faktor arah pembangunan …. Permasalahan spasial menjadi salah satu isu yang kurang disorot dalam pembuatan kebijakan publik. Koordinasi dan komunikasi antar lembaga merupakan serta pemahaman karakteristik wilayah menjadi sorotan.” Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning (2016) http://tataruangpertanahan.com/artikel-429-penataan- kawasan-hutan-demi-kemakmuran-bangsa.html, from, www.bpn.go.id, 26 October 2016)

Increasing Innovative Insights from Indonesia (I4 Increasing Innovative Insights from Indonesia (I4!) for Pragmatic Reduction of Spatial Uncertainty Re-alignment of status and function more likely at more smaller scales that reduce the margin of error, e.g., from 1:50,000 to 1:5,000, and more likely to be sustained ~ rumongso melu handarbeni Mutual trust between entrenched and typically-opposing sectors increased through multi-processes. Budgettary constraints can prompt better inter-sectoral coordination. Policy reforms are challenging entrenched structural barriers to incentivizing investments in long term sustainability. Innovation encouraged in the absence of explicit policies.

Three examples of I4 models that can be scaled up: Participatory land use zonation harmonized between NRM sectors in Aceh Barat Daya District, Aceh Province …. forestry agencies and illegal loggers in productive discourse to mutual benefit. Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) of village communities for canal blocking to restore peatland hydrology in Pulang Pisau District and reduce fire risk …. even in the absence of a formal spatial plan. Participatory land use zonation within NRM investment licenses in Boven Digoel District, Papua Province …. company profitability, improved livelihoods and safeguarded natural forests of high conservation value

1. Participatory land use zonation harmonized between NRM sectors -- Abdya, Aceh Opportunities for millions of hectares of environmentally- and economically-sustainable smallholder agroforests providing soil services (in situ) and downstream services (ex-situ) Potential for zonation to safeguard such agroforestry management in private land -- kebun hutan -- and State forest management units (FMU / KPH) -- hutan kebun 1 + 2 = kebun lindung Achieved through participatory and harmonized zonation

Pics and movie clip Pics x2 Martin H Movie clip Martin H Presentation comapping with women

kebun hutan

hutan kebun

video clip

participatory and harmonized zonation

proposed improved zonation for KPH / FMU

2. Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC / PADIATAPA) of village communities for canal blocking to restore peatland hydrology -- Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan Opportunities for sustainable improvements to peatland hydrology - keeping soil wet during dry seasons reducing fire and haze risk and - reducing the risk of floods in rainy seasons Past failures of peatland management and restoration -- ex-mega rice scheme and failed attempts to correct it Multi-stakeholder adjustment of dam designs mediated by multi- stakeholder processes -- Tim 9 of Forum Hapakat Lestari, building mutual trust between local government, public works and local communities Model for scale-up recognized by BRG

Pic collab mapping Berita Acara

3. Participatory land use zonation within NRM investment licenses -- Southern Papua Convergence of policy and planning instruments, Strategic Environmental Assessment enhanced by visualization for greater participation in formulating development pathways scenarios Sustainability screening tool for natural resource licensing At the investment license level, FPIC for land use rationalization safeguarding natural forestry resources for water services, local livelihoods and cultural values While ensuring sufficient plantation area for company and community profitability Mediated by multi-stakeholder processes

HCV 1+2+3+4+5+6

COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD VALUES Sumber Kehidupan Masyarakat dari Sumber Daya Hutan -- COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD VALUES

Tanaman obat obatan - kearifan lokal MEDICINAL PLANT VALUES - TRADITONAL KNOWLEDGE

Kali kali yang kecil / WATER RESOURCE VALUES

Penataan Partisipatif melalui FPIC / PADIATAPA

I4? “Lihat dulu, baru percaya” No silver bullets for necessary landscape-based approaches to sustainable NRM “Padi ditanam, padi tumbuah” “Rumongso melu handarbeni” “Alon alon asal kelakon” for ECONOMIC STABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY