The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Timothy Dobson Chapter 11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Timothy Dobson

Federalists and Republican Mudslingers America’s first, “Whispering Campaign” Rumors spread by both the Republican Party and the dying Federalists party about the upcoming presidential candidates, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson The Federalists accused Jefferson of having an affair with one of his slaves and robbing a widow of her trust fund Republicans blamed Adams for the creation of an unnecessary Army and Navy, while also revealing a secret pamphlet written by Hamilton criticizing Adams for his many mistakes

Revolution of 1800 Jefferson wins the election of 1800 over Adams by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65 Northern critics refereed to him as the “Negro President” because Jefferson’s decisive victory arose from the three-fifths clause of the Constitution This clause benefited southerners and therefore gave Jefferson the edge over Adams Known as “Revolution of 1800” for its comparability of that of 1776 and its revival of old ways

“Midnight Judges” and Supreme Court Power Created by the expiring Federalists party, the Judiciary Act of 1801 appointed 16 new federalist judgeships and judicial offices Known as the “Midnight Judges” President Adams supposedly worked till 9 o’clock on his last day as president writing up this legislation The new Republican-Democratic Congress quickly repealed the act and kicked out the 16 newly seated judge The highly regarded case, Marbury vs Madison, showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution

Jeffersonian Restraint As president, Jefferson quickly pardoned the “martyrs” of the Sedition Act and remitted many fines Jeffersonians also enacted the New Naturalization law in 1802 This act reduced the unreasonable requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous more reasonable 5 years Jefferson hated the excise tax and convinced Congress to repeal it The tax bred bureaucrats and went against his farmer following The repeal cost the federal government about a million dollars a year in urgently needed revenue

Jefferson Military Behavior Jefferson’s first ideologies as president reflected non-intervention and a small Military He reduced the Military establishment to a near 2500 men and officers at the beginning of his term Although, required to bend his thoughts when the pirate state of Tripoli declared war on the United States Dispatched an infant navy and Marine Corps to Tripoli By 1805, a treaty of peace was reached which secured the return of captured Americans for a ransom payment of $60,000

Jefferson’s Contribution to “Manifest Density” Not wanting to fight France in Western America, Jefferson sends James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris to buy as much land as he could for $10 million France Sells the Louisiana territory to America for $15 million, almost doubling the size of the Untied States France’s motivation to sell Napoleons failed attempt to recapture Santo Domingo Didn’t want a Naval superpower like Britain taking over the large land mass To make money for Napoleon’s ambitions in Europe Jefferson enacts the Louis and Clark Expedition to explore the northern parts of the purchase This group discovers geographical, Indian, and scientific information

Arron Burr Conspiracies After being dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, the first term vice president joined a group of extreme federalists This group plotted the secession of New England and New York but failed when the plan was made public by Alexander Hamilton After the devious plan’s dismantlement, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel Hamilton refused to shoot and he was shot and killed by Burr

The Hated Embargo Act In 1806, England’s Order of Council closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping. In response, the French ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports In retaliation to England and Frances’ system of impressment on American merchants and citizens, the reelected Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807 to combat the evil methods The act banned the exportation of any goods to any country The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans Eventually repealed in 1809 and replaced by The Non-Intercourse Act which re-opened trade with all nations except France and England

Madison’s Revival of Trade In 1809, James Madison became president He passed Macon’s Bill No. 2 The act re-opened trade with both France and England Ordered Britain to lift it’s Order of Councils within 3 months Britain failed to terminate the Order of Councils and forced America to reenact the Embargo, but this time only on Britain Macon’s Bill No. 2 was a contributing factor that led to the War of 1812

Interventions with Natives Congress met in 1811 where the "war hawks" sermonized to go to war with the British and eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers “War Hawks” were new hot heads in Congress who edged for a new war with the old enemy With the thought of extermination at hand, the leader of the Shawnee, Tecumseh, created a confederacy of native tribes west of the Mississippi Tecumseh brother, Tenskwatawa also known as “the Prophet” aided in this Unification The large group of native tribes was aided and armed by the British, a contributing factor to the War of 1812

Mr. Madison’s War On June 1, 1812, Madison requested Congress to declare war on the British With the backing of the “War Hawks” and the Democratic- Republicans who supported them, Congress agreed to Madison’s declaration of war These groups believed the country had to assert American rights to the world with actions such as invading Canada and attacking Indian Strongholds who were being supplied by the British Federalists opposed the war because they supported Britain