Origins of the Cold War “Germany is finished. The real problem is Russia. I can’t get the Americans to see it…” -Winston Churchill, 1944.

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Presentation transcript:

Origins of the Cold War “Germany is finished. The real problem is Russia. I can’t get the Americans to see it…” -Winston Churchill, 1944

Yalta February, 1945 Discussions: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Meeting to discuss post-war plans. Discussions: Germany divided into four zones. German reparations? Soviets join war in Japan? Soviets will get two Japanese islands for joining war. Will Poland exist?

United Nations One thing that all of the participants in Yalta agreed upon was the need for a newer, updated version of the League of Nations… Delegates from 50 nations meet in San Francisco, April 1945. Agree to end disputes peacefully, promote justice and cooperation in solving international problems. Security Council 11 Members USA, USSR, GB, France, China permanent.

Potsdam Conference July 1945 Stalin, Truman, Attlee Nazi criminals to be tried at Nuremburg. Problems from Yalta not solved. Both sides dig in.

Origins of US-Soviet Tensions USA Democratic values Capitalism! “Red Scare” Soviet Union Totalitarian Dictatorship Communism! VS The two were allied by a common enemy: Germany. Once Germany was defeated, tensions increased…

Conflicting Postwar Goals… USA Fought for the spread of democracy. Free markets would be good for US economy. USSR Lost 20 million people in WWII! Lost infrastructure! Want to create… Satellite Nations Why? Buffer zone Spread communism

The Iron Curtain “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent… This is certainly not the liberated Europe that we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essential of permanent peace…”

The Iron Curtain Albania, Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Anti-communist leaders silenced during their “elections” in 1945, 1949. Czechoslovakia Communists defeated in 1946. Communists replace police with party members, rig elections in 1948. Hungary Soviets took control of police, rigged 1947 elections. Romania 1945, Soviets force king to name a communist prime minister. East Germany Soviets occupied East Germany, installed brutal totalitarian regime to keep Germany weak.

Containment Eastern Europe already lost to Communism. Don’t let it spread! Communism will die out by itself. “US policies… must be that of long-term, patient but firm, vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.” 1946, George Kennan, US diplomat to Moscow, coins term

The Truman Doctrine The situation: “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (conquest) by… outside pressures.” The Truman Doctrine The situation: Soviets threatening Turkey (border dispute), Greece (civil war). 1947 Brits announce they can no longer give aid. Truman makes speech during debates in Congress on funding… Is Truman’s speech still relevant today? Why or why not?

The Marshall Plan Europe was devastated economically by WWII. 21 million homeless in Europe! Will this make them more or less likely to turn to communism? Marshall Plan Written by Sect. of State, George C. Marshall Formally known as “European Economic Recovery Program” 17 Western European countries receive financial grants and loans to rebuild their economies.

Marshall Plan

Cold War Review What was the Truman Doctrine? What evidence is there of this policy still in American actions today? What was the Marshall Plan? Why was it necessary?

The Division of Berlin After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones. FR, GB, US, USSR Berlin was also divided. Re-unified Germany? 1948, the US, FR, and GB were ready to reunite Germany. Soviet Union refuses. 1949 – US, French, and GB sections become “West Germany.” Democratic gov’t. Later, USSR’s section becomes “East Germany” Communist.

Berlin Airlift Stalin upset, wants to “protest” creation of West Germany. Blockades Berlin. Cuts off roads, rail lines. Truman’s Dilemma Why not use force? Solution: An airlift of supplies

Berlin Airlift - Pictures

The Berlin Wall The Legacy of the Berlin Conflict…

NATO / Warsaw Pact Collective Security NATO Warsaw Pact “An attack on one is an attack on all…” NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western European nations were concerned about a Soviet attack. Didn’t trust UN because of Soviet’s veto power on the Security Council. Formed in 1949. Warsaw Pact Soviet military alliance of its satellite nations in Eastern Europe.

NATO/ WARSAW PACT