Intro to Localisation of function in the brain Aim: Recap Nervous System & How are functions of the brain localised?

Homework due today: Brain key words

Draw something

Use your notes to answer this question. Practice Question: As an impulse travels across an axon, the impulse activates vesicles at the pre-synaptic nerve. Describe the process of an impulse travelling across a synapse. (4 marks) Easier: Use your notes to answer this question. Challenging: Read through your notes, commit to memory and answer without any support.

Broken Brains New topic: Localisation of function As you watch the video, answer the questions on your sheet

Key Terms Holistic theory of the brain: The theory that all part of the brain were involved in all thought processing and action Localisation of function of the brain: During the 19th century it was discovered that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular physical and psychological functions How would they have found this out in the 19th century??

Application task: Broken Brains Localisation of function is the idea that different parts of the brain have different functions. How do we know? Working as a pair, work out 3 pieces of evidence (using the broken brains video) that support this theory.

Hemispheres The brain has two hemispheres, left and right, each are responsible for specific functions Lateralisation: the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain for particular physical and psychological functions e.g. language areas are only found on the left side

Application task: Hemispheres Write notes on the functions of opposite sides of the brain. When is each side of the brain used in day-to-day life? Give 3 examples for each side E.g. Left side: calculating and using money

Localisation of function in the brain: Lesson 2 Aim: How are functions of the brain localised?

The human brain can be viewed as being formed of three concentric layers: The central core: involuntary behaviours includes hypothalamus The limbic system: around the central core, controls emotions, memory The cerebrum: higher intellectual processes

The cerebrum It has an outermost layer known as the cerebral cortex; appears grey because of the location of cell bodies (hence “grey-matter”). Each of our sensory systems sends messages to and from this cerebral cortex. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres with a bundle of fibres

TASK: Brain diagram 1. Mark out (with colour) sections to show: Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe 2. For each of the following areas (a) label where they are found, (b) explain what do they do, (c) explain any further info Motor area Somatosensory area Visual area Auditory area Broca’s area Wernicke’s area

Brain diagram:

Brain diagram Located in the parietal lobe: responds to heat, cold, touch, pain and our sense of body movement. Located in the frontal lobe: responsible for controlling voluntary movements; left hand side controlled by right hemisphere and vice versa. Damage to this area results in impaired movements Located in the occipital lobe: primary function is vision Located in the temporal lobe: responsible for analysis of speech-based information.

Summary questions Why is ‘localisation theory’ of the brain accepted over ‘holistic theory’ of the brain? (2 marks) Explain how the central core differs from the cerebrum. (2 marks) If someone has problems in the following areas, which part of the lobe and area of the brain is likely to be effected and why? (a) feeling the difference between wet and dry (b) partial blindness (c) speaking words that do not make sense (d) speaking few words, slowly (8 marks)

Curious Case of Phineas Gage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKaDWu2zFG0

Case Report: Curious Case of Phineas Gage Events: (what happened, when, why, how?) Findings: (what was the result?) Conclusions: (what did this suggest?) Evaluation: (why is it difficult to draw general conclusions from Phineas Gage?)

Localisation: Practice and Recap Aims: To practice a question on localisation Complete knowledge test Revise parts we’re unsure about

Evaluation For each point Is it a strength or a weakness? What does it suggest?

“Functions of the brain are localised” Outline: Explain at least 4 ways in which functions of the brain are localised. Evaluate: Give four evaluation points, say why they prove/disprove localisation, and why it matters. “Functions of the brain are localised” Discuss (8 marks)

Kahoot.it

Knowledge test

Knowledge Test: Nervous System and Localisation ANSWERS Pituitary and Adrenal Medulla Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Sensory > Relay/Connector > Motor Excitation increases the positive charge, inhabitation increases the negative charge. OR Excitation increases the likelihood the next neuron will fire an impulse, inhibition decreases the likelihood. To pass across the synaptic gap and activate the next neuron. It is brought back in to the pre-synaptic cell through re-uptake, and enzymes may break it down at the gap.

7. Holistic 8. Localisation 9. Higher intellectual processes 10. A: Frontal, B: Parietal, C: Occipital, D: Temporal 11. Give the function of each of the following: Motor area: voluntary movement Somatosensory area: senses e.g. pain, touch Visual area: processing sight Auditory area: speech, sound Broca’s area: speech production Wernicke’s area: language comprehension 12. Functions of the brain are localised, because after damage to his frontal lobe, a particular function was effected.

The Biological Approach Structure of the Nervous System Nerve Impulses Endocrine System

Outlining Localisation Evaluating Localisation Key Points (include the different lobes and areas) Key Points (include 6 evaluation points with evidence from studies) Tip: Write the points that you found hard to remember/understand in a different colour – these are what you need to focus on!

Other slides

More on split brain research later!

Essay question Discuss the extent to which brain functions are localised. Refer to evidence in your answer [16 marks] Systematic research from Wernicke and Broca onwards has demonstrated that in most people language centres are lateralised to the left hemisphere Wernicke’s area seems to be responsible for the interpretation of speech – damage leads to receptive or sensory aphasia Broca’s area was thought to be responsible for the production of speech this is now thought to involve a wider network than just Broca’s area – damage leads to production (expressive) or motor aphasia Use of research evidence to support explanation Problems associated with different types of research evidence