Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation

Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation

REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans (NS/AP)

Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation What are drivers? Processes that result in deforestation and forest degradation. Direct drivers, (‘proximate causes’), human activities or immediate actions that directly impact forest cover and loss of carbon Indirect drivers, (‘underlying causes’ or ‘driving forces’), complex interactions of fundamental social, economic, political, cultural and technological processes.

Examples of direct drivers Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Examples of direct drivers Deforestation: subsistence and large- and small-scale commercial agriculture mining infrastructure development and urban expansion Forest degradation: legal and illegal timber extraction forest fires livestock grazing in forests fuelwood collection and charcoal production, long-fallow shifting cultivation

Examples of indirect drivers Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Examples of indirect drivers International level: markets, commodity prices, exchanges National level: population growth domestic markets national policies, fiscal incentives and subsidies weak governance and institutions poor cross-sectoral coordination poverty Local level: change in household behaviour And many more …

Apparent deforestation drivers by region Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Apparent deforestation drivers by region

Apparent degradation drivers by region Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Apparent degradation drivers by region

What about the future? Global population increase Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation What about the future? Global population increase Economic growth patterns Demand for agricultural commodities Demand for products Use of fuel wood and charcoal

Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Defradation Why analyse drivers? Several UNFCCC decisions refer to drivers, developing countries are required to: Decision 4/CP.15: identify drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (DDFD) Decision 1/CP.16: address these drivers in their national strategies or action plans Decision 15/CP.19: ensure that the response to drivers are adapted to national circumstances

Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Why analyse drivers? Effectively engage key stakeholders, especially non-forest sectors (in many countries the main drivers) Define priorities for forest monitoring and MRV Justify national circumstances for adjusting reference emission levels Construct scenarios that may deviate from historical trends Design results-based actions that generate results-based payments

Comparing and prioritising drivers Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Comparing and prioritising drivers Four key indicators to support comparison: The amount of deforestation for one unit Benefits (social/economic/environmental) of one unit Costs (social/economic/environmental) of one unit of driver Access to REDD-compatible alternatives: e.g. smart or certified agriculture

Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: materials for group exercises

REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans What do they contain? No specific guidance on content, but should address: Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation Land tenure issues Forest governance issues Gender considerations Safeguards Full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, inter alia, indigenous peoples and local communities

Questions guiding the design process REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans Questions guiding the design process Why? Development context and objectives of the country? Deforestation context (trends and related drivers) Country vision for REDD+? What? Policies & Measures (reforms & RBAs) considered by the country towards results How do they build on, supplement or change existing P&Ms? How? Piloted/coordinated, funded, implemented, monitored Through credible, pragmatic & efficient institutional, financial & legal arrangements

Key messages related to NS-AP NS/APs describe how emissions will be reduced and/o r how forest carbon stocks will be enhanced, conserved and/or sustainably managed in the implementation of REDD+; NS/APs are one of the four design elements required by the UNFCCC for REDD+ implementation and to access Results-Based Payments; Ensuring the quality of both the NS/AP design process and NS/AP document is essential, as it is an opportunity to: Build trust and support from national & international stakeholders; Give confidence in a country’s capacity to deliver REDD+ results to receive results-based payments; Maximize chances to attract financial support for the implementation of the NS/AP; Contribute to a well coordinated and more efficient readiness process. Strategic choices made on each of the four Cancun design elements of REDD+ (NS/AP, FREL/FRL, NFMS, SIS) may have strong implications for the others ,ensuring regular communication and feedback loops in their development and during their implementation is therefore critical; and Developing a NS/AP is an iterative, step-wise process.

Shaping the vision for REDD+ in the country REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans Shaping the vision for REDD+ in the country

REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans Analysing options and prioritising activities to implement Policies & Measures (PAMs) Factors which could influence the decision: The mitigation potential of the REDD+ activities in their national context; Potential social and environmental benefits and risks; The ability of the NFMS to measure the outcome of the overall package of PAMs; The ability to monitor the implementation and, as relevant, the outcome of individual PAMs (e.g. regeneration); The capacity (at national and subnational levels) to implement PAMs effectively and efficiently; The likely costs and benefits of the PAMs (incl. non-carbon benefits), as well as potential risks; Alignment with national (and/or subnational) development priorities and plans; Political acceptability and/or support for particular actions; The nature and scope of existing REDD-relevant PAMs, including existing forest-sector policies and plans; and Potential for (national/bilateral/multilateral) funding for PAMs implementation. Etc.

What are policies and measures? Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation What are policies and measures? PAMs - actions or interventions taken to support REDD+ activities (reducing emissions, conservation, sustainable management and enhancement) Central part of the NSAP: answering the “why” Anchored in the drivers and barriers analysis Set of policies, laws, regulations, practices, programmes, incentive systems… Can be direct or enabling

Illustrations of policies and measures? Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation Illustrations of policies and measures? Funding of fire prevention programmes Implementation of sustainable biomass energy programmes Strengthening of protected area networks and improved management (including community-based management) Support to / enhance community forestry Strengthening of forest law enforcement combined with improved forest monitoring Removal of subsidies for deforestation and forest degradation and/or land clearance taxation (fiscal framework) Incentivizing agroforestry or plantations as alternate sources of wood with payments for environmental services or easy access to land title Etc.

Dimensions to consider Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation Dimensions to consider Criteria for prioritizing PAMs Scope and Scale Funding opportunities (REDD+ or not) National Priorities Policy coherence Cost effectiveness Existing PAMs Social economic, political and governance barriers/opp.s Non-carbon/multiple benefits Carbon benefits Capacity to monitor Availability of data

Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation Issues to consider PAMS should evolve in parallel with development of safeguards systems Cross-sectorial and multi-stakeholders process, with various related challenges Political implications Scale of implementation and multiple levels of governance Identifying sources of finance to implement PAMs Monitoring system for PAMs implementation

Group exercice: Guiding questions REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans Group exercice: Guiding questions What are the main development objectives of the country, and how they relate to forests: National development plan, National Climate Change strategy, INDC, Sectoral plans (i.e. mining, agriculture) The aim of this activity is to answer the question “Why?”, as presented. Divide the group into country groups. Ask each group to consider the question, “Why implement REDD+?”. Show the slide with the prompt questions. Allow each group 20 minutes to develop some answers to the three questions, and to write these on a flipchart paper. Ask each group to stick up their flipchart paper on the wall. Ask everyone to walk around the room looking at the answers given by other countries. Allow about 5/10 minutes for this. Ask participants if there are any general messages coming out of what each country has written. Manage a discussion about such issues. Summarise key points which emerge before moving on.

Group exercice: Guiding questions 2. Propose a 2 min pitch to explain if and why taking measures to protect forests is important for Suriname’s national development (and SDGs?): For the President, For a national newspaper, For the mining sector,

Group exercice: Guiding questions 3. Identify the sources and type of funds (international, national, private, grants, loans, bonds, etc) and potential amounts to finance REDD+ policies and measures identified in the R-PP.

Group exercice: Guiding questions 1. What are the main development objectives of the country, and how they relate to forests: National development plan, National Climate Change strategy, INDC, Sectoral plans (i.e. mining, agriculture) 2. Propose a 2 min pitch to explain if and why taking measures to protect forests is important for Suriname’s national development (and SDGs?): For the President, For a national newspaper, For the mining sector, 3. Identify the sources and type of funds (international, national, private, grants, loans, bonds, etc) and potential amounts to finance REDD+ policies and measures identified in the R-PP.

Thank you!