Energy (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian; Dr. Rizka Zulhijah 16/17 Semester genap Energy (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian; Dr. Rizka Zulhijah Email: Oktavian.rama2@gmail.com Office Hr.: M. 10 – 12, T. 10 – 12, W. 09 – 10, F.10 – 15

Outlines 1. Natural gas: Intro and sources 2. Natural gas: Properties 3. Natural gas: Exploration 4. Natural gas processing (overview)

Natural gas: Intro Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir What is Natural Gas? Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir Contains mostly methane (CH4) Usually contains some impurities such as H2S and CO2 As one of primary energy sources in Indonesia

Natural gas: Intro What is Natural Gas?

Natural gas: Intro What is Natural Gas? http://www.naturalgas.com.au/about/references.html

Natural gas: Intro Pollution comparison http://www.propane.ca/en/about-propane/environmental-benefits

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas reserves

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas production http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=5810

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas reserves in Indonesia

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas production in Indonesia

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas consumption in Indonesia

Natural gas: Intro

Natural gas: Intro http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=id

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas industry in Indonesia The largest of these are found in: 1. Arun, Aceh (Sumatra) 2. Bontang (East Kalimantan) 3. Tangguh (Papua) 4. Natuna Island

Natural gas: Intro KILANG LNG (42,09 MMTPA) KILANG LPG (4,12 MMTPA) PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO) UP IV CILACAP KAPASITAS : 318 MTPA PT. YUDHISTIRA HAKA P. CILAMAYA, JABAR KAPASITAS : 44 MTPA * Hak Pengelolaan Sementara PT. YUDISTIRA ENERGY PONDOK TENGAH KAPASITAS 50 MTPA PT. ARUN ARUN KAPASITAS : 12,85 MMTPA PT. MARUTA BUMI PRIMA LANGKAT KAPASITAS : 17 MTPA UP II DUMAI KAPASITAS : 68 MTPA PETROCHINA TJ. JABUNG KAPASITAS : 600 MTPA PT. MEDCO LPG KAJI KAJI KAPASITAS : 73 MTPA PT. TITS SAMPURNA PRABUMULIH PT. SURYA ESA PERKASA LEMBAK KAPASITAS : 46 MTPA UP VI BALONGAN DAN MUNDU KAPASITAS : 584 MTPA PT. SUMBER DAYA KELOLA TUGU BARAT KAPASITAS : 7 MTPA PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)* TAMBUN KAPASITAS : 55 MTPA PT. BADAK BONTANG KAPASITAS LNG: 21,64 MMTPA KAPASITAS LPG: 1 MMTPA CHEVRON TJ. SANTAN KAPASITAS : 90 MMTPA UP V BALIKPAPAN KAPASITAS : 91 MTPA ARAR KAPASITAS : 14 MTPA KILANG LNG (42,09 MMTPA) KILANG LPG (4,12 MMTPA) RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN UP III MUSI KAPASITAS : 131 MTPA BP TANGGUH KAPASITAS : 7,6 MMTPA PT. MEDIA KARYA SENTOSA GRESIK, JATIM KAPASITAS : 58 MTPA PT. WAHANA INSANNUGRAHA CEMARA, JABAR KAPASITAS : 37 MTPA PT. TUBAN LPG INDONESIA TUBAN PT. GASUMA FEDERAL INDONESIA KAPASITAS : 22 MTPA HESS UJUNG PANGKAH, JATIM KAPASITAS : 113 MTPA PT. E1 PERTAGAS SUNGAI GERONG KAPASITAS 259 MTPA CONOCO PHILLIPS BELANAK KAPASITAS : 525 MTPA UP I PANGKALAN BRANDAN

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas based on its source Conventional natural gas is usually obtained from Deep reservoir Natural gas usually presents in crude oil (Associated gas) Natural gas in reservoirs that contain little or no crude oil (Non-associated gas) Associated gas is produced with the oil and separated at the casinghead or wellhead Non-associated gas is sometimes referred to as gas-wellgas or dry gas

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas based on its source

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas compositions

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas compositions

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas product specification The composition of natural gas varies considerably from location to location Natural gas product specification includes: - Wobbe number, - heating value, - total inerts, - water, - oxygen, and sulfur content. The first two criteria relate to combustion characteristics. The latter three provide protection from pipeline plugging and corrosion

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties Colorless, odorless, tasteless, shapeless, and lighter than air

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties Specific gravity For gas mixtures: Compressibility factor Z can be function of Pr and Tr

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr

Natural gas: Intro Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr

Natural gas: Intro Natural gas product specification

Natural gas: Intro Liquid product specification As with gases, specifications for liquid products are based upon both composition and performance criteria the performance specifications include Reid vapor pressure, water, oxygen, H2S, and total sulfur content Safety considerations make vapor pressure especially important for the liquid products because of regulations for shipping and storage containers

Natural gas: Intro Liquid product specification

Natural gas: Properties Combustion characteristics Pipeline gas is normally bought and sold (custody transfer) on the basis of its heating value, ex: MMBtu/cuft Heating value: the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it the heating value of a fuel involves two arbitrary but con-ventional standard states for the water formed in the reaction: All the water formed is a liquid (gross heating value, frequently called higher heating value [HHV]) – including latent heat of vaporization All the water formed is a gas (net heating value, frequently called lower heating value [LHV]) the heating value is normally calculated at 60°F and 1 atm (15.6°C and 1.01 atm), standard conditions for the gas industry

Natural gas: Properties Wobbe Number defined as the gross heating value (Btu/scf) of the gas divided by the square root of the specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the gas divided by the density of air

Natural gas: Exploration Photo courtesy of OSHA

Natural gas: Exploration Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

Natural gas: Exploration Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

Natural gas: Exploration Christmas Tree Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Completion Fluid Cement Packer Tubing Well Fluids Oil or Gas Zone Perforations Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

Natural gas processing

Natural gas processing

Natural gas processing LNG Processing (CO2 removal) CO2 concentration in natural gas is high It will freeze below -160 C, it will block the flow The most commonly method is absorption Widely used absorbents : K2CO3 aqueous solutions MEA,DEA,TEA aqueous solutions Recent update?

Natural gas processing LNG Processing (H2O removal) The presence of H2O can affect the LNG quality (combustion properties) It will freeze below -160 C, it will change its state to solid and form gas hydrate, thus it will block the flow The most commonly method is absorption and adsorption Widely used absorbents : ethylene glycol Widely used adsorbents : silica gel, molecular sieve

Natural gas processing Fractionation 1. Methane separation (C1) - Using SCRUB COLUMN (De-Methanizer). - To produce C1 as feed for LNG processing. 2. Ethane separation (C2) - Using DE-ETHANIZER column - To produce C2 as MAKE-UP MCR REFRIGERANT 3. Propane separation(C3) - Using DE-PROPANIZER column - To produce propane as MAKE UP PROPANE REFRIGERANT and LPG. 4. Butane separation(C4) - Using DE-BUTANIZER column - To produce butane as LPG.

Natural gas processing Liquefaction Using refrigeration process Operating temperature -1600C Refrigerant : ammonia (-140C), freon (-500C) C3, MCR (multi componen refrigerant)

Natural gas processing Refrigeration concept Qc Qr 1 4 3 2 Evaporator Condenser Comp JT-valve

Natural gas transportation Pipeline Transmission System

Natural gas transportation Floating LNG ConocoPhillips_Cascade_LNG_Project1.jpg

Natural gas transportation FSRU

Natural gas uses Benefits of Natural Gas When natural gas is burned it does not emit large levels of sulfer dioxide and produces virtually no solid waste. Natural gas is extremely efficient with a “total energy efficiency” of about 90 percent. The supply of gas is reliable as well as the delivery system is underground and therefore exempt from weather-related interruptions.

Natural gas uses

Natural gas uses Ammonia processing

Natural gas uses Methanol processing

Natural gas uses Power generation

Natural gas uses Power generation  Compressed Natural Gas Advantages Simplicity Inexpensive onshore facilities Can start with very modest transporting needs Energy efficient Can exploit isolated supply sources Suitable for small demand markets

Natural gas uses Power generation  Compressed Natural Gas Projects using the CNG technology can be successful technically and commercially CNG is capable of meeting small market demands and monetizing small supply areas Majority of the investment involved with shipping needs, thus, making the assets movable and used in other areas of interests CNG can supply gas for distances of 2500 miles cheaper than LNG

Natural gas uses CNG Storage Vessels 3 Distinct Categories Vehicle fuel CNG Storage Vessels 3 Distinct Categories Plain Metal Cylinder Fiber Wrapped Metal Cylinder Composite

Natural gas uses Vehicle fuel Image: http://www.cng.cz/miranda2/export/sites/www.cng.cz/en/natural_gas/Natural_Gas_Vehicles/design_imgs/04_4_01a_eng.jpg

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