Chapter 1

Lesson 1 Explain how early people migrated from Asia to the Americas Describe how the first Americans lived during the Ice Age Identify how the way of life of the first Americans changed as the climate became warmer

Vocabulary Ice Age-occured 2000 years ago, long period of extreme cold Glaciers- thick sheets of ice Bering Straight- narrow stretch of water that separates Asia fromNorth America. During Ice Age water became shallow and land was exposed - forming bridge from Asia to North America

Vocabulary Migrate- to move from one region to another Theory- a possible explanation Artifact- object that someone made in the past

Vocabulary Archaeologist- someone who studies the artifacts of people who lived long ago and draw conclusions about how they lived.. C.E. - common era ( Used to be A.D.- it is the time period we are in now) B.C.E. - before common era (Used to be called B.C. - the time period before Christ)

Moving to the Americas One theory (40,000-10,000 years ago) people migrated from ASIA to North America by crossing over the BERING STRAIGHT

Bering Straight is thought to have been a land bridge at that time due to GLACIERS Moving to the Americas

Moving to the americas Bering Straight today

NOTE: Today, the Bering Straight separates Asia (Russia) and North America (Alaska). At its narrowest point the two continents are 53 miles apart. (Atlantic City, New Jersey is about 53 miles from Philadelphia - about an hour and a half drive time) The Bering straight, today. connects the Bering sea with the Arctic Ocean. Interesting note

It is believed that the early people followed their food mammoths caribou Moving to the americas

Alternate Theory Early people arrived by boat THIS IS NOT THE MOST COMMONLY BELIEVED THEORY

Way of life About 10,000 BCE the ice age ended early people’s way of life changed Way of life

Way of life Climate change climate began to warm up cold animals died because they couldn’t adapt OR...early people killed them off

Way of life People had to adapt to survive changed from hunters to hunter-gatherers smaller animals did not provide enough food new food sources had to be found

Way of life People moved with the seasons gathered wild berries, nuts and plants no farming yet...but that would change!

Way of Life 7,000 year ago people began farming in present- day Mexico society changed from hunter- gatherers to an agrarian society (farmers)

Lesson 2 Explain why early people living east of the Mississippi River built mounds Explain how the Anasazi were able to farm in the desert Identify ways the Inuit adapted to life in the cold climate of the Arctic

Vocabulary Ceremony-an activity done for a special purpose or event (wedding, birth, death) Mesa - a high, flat landform that rises steeply from the land. Means table in Spanish

Early American Culture 1,000 years ago the Great Spirit Mound is built by early American Indians They flourish in North America Then disappear

Early AMERICAN CULTURES Early American Indians are known as mound builders Early AMERICAN CULTURES serpent mound built in Ohio

Early American Culture Began 3,000 years ago lasted for 2,500 years Monks Mound

Early American Cultures There was no single group of mound builders. The three main groups of Mound Builders were the - Adena, Hopewell and Mississippians. These groups built thousands of mounds in different shapes, some as tall as a 10 story building. Some mounds were built as tombs, other to honor animal spirits. Many mounds had platforms where religious and other ceremonies were held.

Early American Culture Mound builders were organized, had lots of workers to dig tons of earth, hand tools and the ability to move lots of earth. Artifacts, like knives carved from obsidian tell archeologists that trade was important. Other artifacts include sea shells from the Gulf of Mexico, copper from the Great Lakes and Mica from the Appalachian Mountains.

Early American Culture The Anasazi lived in the Southwest, in an area called the Four Corners . Name means "the old ones" in Navajo. lived from 100 to 1300 C.E. The grew corn, squash, beans and pumpkins. Dry conditions did not limit their farming.

Early American Culture Mesa Verde is a large village built into the cliffs. The large overhanging rocks protected the people from inclement weather as well as attacks from their enemies.

Early American Culture The largest building has been named Cliff Palace. It has 150 rooms and 23 kivas, or underground rooms. Kivas were important to the Anasazi religion. Religions ceremonies were held there, and only men were aloud to enter a kiva.

Early American Culture The Anasazi culture reached its peak (high point) in the 1100s. They abandoned their villages without leaving any clues as to why or where they were going. One theory is that there was a drought which made farming impossible, but no one is sure. It is believed that the Pueblo people, including the Hopi are descended from the Anasazi.

The inuit Inuit means “first people” Live in Canada today Crossed into North America later than other groups

THe inuit Adapted to the harsh cold developed Kayaks for hunting seals and whales

The inuit Traditional house is the igloo Today the live in Alaska through Canada to Greenland

Vocabulary Civilization - a culture with an organized system of government, religion and learning Surplus - more of something than you need Specialize - do only one kind of job

Vocabulary Pyramid - a building with three or more sides shaped like triangles that slant toward a point at the top Empire - a group of lands and peoples ruled by one leader

Vocabulary Tribute - payment demanded by rulers from the people they rule Slavery- the practice of holding people against their will and taking away their freedom.

Mayan The Mayan civilization reached its peak (greatest point) around 400 years ago. It had an organized government, religion and learning. The Maya, who were farmers, cut down the forest to create fields for planting, settled in present-day Mexico about 3,000 years ago.

Mayan They were such good farmers that they soon had a SURPLUS of food that they could trade for things they needed. This meant that not everyone had to be a farmer, craftsmen could specialize - basket weaving, stone carving and jewelry making.

Mayan This specialization helped the Maya to develop a complex civilization. Scholars could study the movements or the sun, stars and moon. This helped the Maya to develop an extremely accurate calendar.

Mayan Among the first people to use zero. Their understanding of Mathematics enabled the Maya to design and build PYRAMIDS. religious ceremonies tombs for kings.

Mayan They developed a system of writing and began to record their history, to include what they learned about math and science.

Mayan Mayan civilization began to decline around 750 C.E. and by 900 the Maya had deserted their cities, the forest that they had conquered grew over their buildings obscuring them from view. The descendants of the Maya, today, live in Mexico and Central America.

Aztecs The ancient Aztecs believed in many gods and goddesses. The sun god, for example, brought the sun up every day. The Aztecs believed it was important to keep the sun god happy. They truly believed if the sun god was not happy, he would refuse to bring up the sun, and the world would end.

Aztecs The Aztecs believed that human sacrifice was necessary. They used people to feed their hungry gods. Some of the people sacrificed were Aztecs. But most of the people they sacrificed to keep their gods happy were people captured from neighboring tribes.

Aztecs The Aztecs send armies to conquer other peoples in the Valley of Mexico. Aztecs to created an empire that stretched from sea to sea (the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean).

Aztecs The Aztec conquerers demanded tribute from the people they conquered. Each year people throughout the Aztec empire sent gold, textiles, silver, precious stones, weapons, clothing and food as tribute. The Aztec rulers also demanded people as tribute, slaves and prisoners of war.

Inca As the Aztec Empire grew in the north, the Inca Empire grew in the south. Like their northern neighbors, the Incas expanded their Empire through conquest (military campaigns). The Incas built miles of roads throughout the Empire, linking all to the capital city - Cuzco (located in present day Peru). The Incan roads allowed government messengers to travel up to 140 miles a day, unheard of distances for this time.