Functional Groups / Amino Acids Organic Molecules Functional Groups / Amino Acids Proteins II Dr. Ron Rusay https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJtAw61bzsM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM

Chemical Biology Globular Proteins / Enzymes Metabolism 1

Chemical Biology Metabolism is the chemical study of living things. Metabolism is the total collection of all chemical processes. It involves inter-conversions of matter and energy. Enzymes catalyze these conversions which follow distinct reactions & discrete pathways. Substrates (reactants) react to form products.

Metabolism Metabolism consists of catabolism and anabolism. Anabolism: constructive (biosynthetic) Processes that build molecules up. Usually endothermic (endergonic). Catabolism: degradative Processes that break molecules down. Usually exothermic (exergonic).

Metabolism is the sum of Catabolism and Anabolism, opposite chemical processes. Catabolism breaks bonds, releases energy (exergonic), and Anabolism makes bonds, takes up energy (endergonic)

Four general stages in the biochemical energy production process in the human body.

Human Metabolism Defined by enzymes: globular proteins that catalyze all reactions & processes in human chemical biology

Enzyme (E) : Active Site Example: Vision Enzyme (E) : Active Site Receptor / Substrate (S) / Docking Eg. Rhodopsin & Vision

Vision Globular Proteins / Enzymes Rhodopsin 1

Orange-red pigments are found in some vegetables Lycopene Orange-red pigments are found in some vegetables lmax 505 nm Does eating carrots and tomatoes actually improve vision? 5

Cis-Trans Isomerization & Vision

B&W Chemistry Step One: Oxidation retinol retinal (aldehyde)

B&W Chemistry Step Two: Trans Cis Isomerization

B&W Chemistry Step Three: “Hooked on Opsin”

Light, Isomers & The Chemistry of Vision 3 x 10−12 seconds http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/TransRhodop2.qt

Double Bonds and Vision http://chemconnections.org/organic/chem227/227assign-10.html#vision http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/10M13AN2.MOV http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/~batista/sub.pdf Experimental rate of reaction = 200 femtoseconds 200 x 10−15 seconds

B&W Chemistry Step Five: “Repeat Process”

Perception of Color Human retinas have 3 types of receptors for color http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision Human retinas have 3 types of receptors for color red (peak response at wavelength = 580nm) green (peak response at wavelength = 545nm) blue (peak response at wavelength = 440nm) Red, green, and blue are the primary colors. Light containing equal intensities off all three appears white. Complementary colors are magenta (green), yellow (blue), and cyan (red)

The Visible Spectrum and Color

QUESTION Hemoglobin is observed to be red. Which color is absorbed by red blood cells? Azure Chatreuse Green Blue Red Cyan

Answer E. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/color2.html Observed color Answer E. Absorbed color http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/color2.html

http://chemconnections.org/organic/chem227/227assign-10.html#vision QUESTION If the blue cone cell receptors become fatigued by overuse, eg. staring @ a color for a period of time, they will not respond to that color for a time until they can re-activate, “re-load”. If the receptors for blue are fatigued and unresponsive, what color is perceived in its stead? Azure Yellow Red Cyan Violet

http://chemconnections.org/organic/chem227/227assign-10.html#vision Answer If the blue cone cell receptors become fatigued by overuse, eg. staring @ a color for a period of time, they will not respond to that color for a time until they can re-activate, “re-load”. If the receptors for blue are fatigued and unresponsive, what color is perceived in its stead? Azure Yellow Red Cyan Violet

Digestion Globular Proteins / Enzymes Trypsin / α-Galactosidase / Invertase / Sucrase 1

Neurotransmission Acetylcholinesterase The interaction of a globular protein, acetylcholinesterase, with a relatively small molecule, acetylcholine. Richard Short (Cornell University)

Digestion Trypsin: Hydrolysis Trypsin, which catalyzes the digestion of proteins through hydrolysis, works in a similar way to acetylcholinesterase, but in breaking down other proteins instead of small molecules, acetylcholine - choline.

Digestion / Hydrolysis α-Galactosidase/ Invertase/ Sucrase β-Fructose α-Glucose http://www.medbio.info/Horn/Time%201-2/CarbChem1.htm Beano was developed in 1990 by Alan Kligerman of AkPharma after research into gas-causing vegetables that had begun in 1981.[6][7] The idea for such a product was proposed at least as early as the 1780s in Benjamin Franklin's essay "A Letter To A Royal Academy". Its patent is owned by GlaxoSmithKline, which acquired it in 2001 from Block Drug.[8] GlaxoSmithKline sold Beano and 16 other brands to Prestige Brands in 2012.[9] Beano received a U.S. Patent 5,445,957 on August 29, 1995.[10] The estimated expiration date of this patent is December 5, 2014. As of early 2013 there were more than four dozen competing products on the market. In April 2014, the brand introduced Beano +Dairy Defense [11]

Digestion / Hydrolysis α-Galactosidase/ Invertase/ Sucrase β-Fructose α-Glucose Beano was developed in 1990 by Alan Kligerman of AkPharma after research into gas-causing vegetables that had begun in 1981.[6][7] The idea for such a product was proposed at least as early as the 1780s in Benjamin Franklin's essay "A Letter To A Royal Academy". Its patent is owned by GlaxoSmithKline, which acquired it in 2001 from Block Drug.[8] GlaxoSmithKline sold Beano and 16 other brands to Prestige Brands in 2012.[9] Beano received a U.S. Patent 5,445,957 on August 29, 1995.[10] The estimated expiration date of this patent is December 5, 2014. As of early 2013 there were more than four dozen competing products on the market. In April 2014, the brand introduced Beano +Dairy Defense [11]

Flatulence & Saccharides “To operate the assembly, the operator places the inlet tube with its valve open adjacent his anal region from which a colonic gas is discharged.”