LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

Aztec and Inca location in Mesoamerica How were the Spanish able to defeat and conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Conquistadors Conquer New World _______________________ conquers the Aztecs (in Mexico) _______________________ conquers the Incas (Andes mountains, Peru) Took gold and silver to Spain and claimed land. Hernando Cortez Francisco Pizarro

The Spaniards attack the Aztecs The Spaniards capture the Inca King

Reasons for Spanish Conquest Europeans brought diseases More advanced weapons Alliance with natives –Aztec Weakened by civil war - Inca “We have pounded our hands in despair against the adobe walls, for our inheritance, our city, is lost and dead.” - Aztec Warrior

Developed the Encomienda System A. Eventually, Spanish government took more direct control by establishing a Pennisulare, or royal governor, to control New Spain. B. Conquistadors were granted or claimed large areas and forced labor upon those who lived there in mines, plantations called haciendas, and public works. C. Encomienda system – a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers.

According to this painting, what were the conditions like under the encomienda system?

How is this an example of mercantilism? What were the major products exported from the Americas by the Spanish? How is this an example of mercantilism?

Columbian Exchange Negatives Disease Positives Negatives -introduced new foods & goods to the Old World and the Americas (changed culture) -improved nutrition → people live longer Disease Slavery- exploitation of Natives and Africans to work the land

Triangular Trade The declining native population resulted in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Slaves were brought from Africa to work the land in the Americas Natural resources and wealth generated from this labor force was then sent back to Europe. Europeans used the natural resources to create manufactured goods and shipped them back to colonies in Africa. This is known as triangular trade.

Atlantic Slave Trade Conditions on slave ships: Dark, dirty, cramped quarters.  People were treated like animals.  They were underfed, chained and had to stay where they were no matter what bodily function they needed to relieve.  Many died on the journey due to unsanitary conditions and disease. This picture shows a slave ship and how Africans were transported to the Americas.

Life in New Spain As colonies emerged in the New World under the encomienda system, the social structure began to change……..

SOCIAL HIERARCHY Criollos(Creoles): Peninsulares: People of pure European blood But born in the New World King of Spain Peninsulares: Native Spaniards K P C Mulattos: African + European blood Mestizos Native American+ European blood M M N & A Native Americans and Africans CAUSES

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION * Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804. * In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered. * In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees. MENU CAUSES

CAUSES OF REVOLUTION Dictatorship by the Spanish Unequal trade relationship that benefited Spain Heavily taxed by Spain Native Spaniards at the top of the social ladder, followed by criolles, and the rest of the population at the bottom

BOLIVAR LEADERS L’OUVERTURE HIDALGO

Miguel Hidalgo

MIGUEL HIDALGO * Highly educated Creole priest assigned to town of Dolores, Mexico. * September 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores (The Cry of Dolores). Hidalgo rang the church bell and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms against the Spanish. “My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover from the hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago?” He wanted to win independence from Spain and redistribute land from the Church, Creoles, and Peninsulares and give it to the people.

MIGUEL HIDALGO LEADERS * Led a rag-tag army toward Mexico City, unleashing mass slaughter of peninsulares in his path. Never made it to the capital – He was captured by other Creoles and shot in 1811. Video

MIGUEL HIDALGO What powerful symbols can be found and what is their significance? Develop a title for this painting.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Toussaint L’Ouverture LEADERS Educated slave on island of Haiti Video * Rallied slaves to revolt in 1791 – Led armies against French, Spanish and British. Led first and only successful slave revolt in New World – Total independence for Haiti in 1804 Toussaint was captured and died in French Prison. “I’ve undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and equality to reign in Saint Domingo.”

Simon Bolivar

SIMON BOLIVAR * Elite Criollo planter Military General LEADERS SIMON BOLIVAR * Elite Criollo planter Military General * Called the “George Washington of South America.” Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia Video Bolivar’s goal was to unite all of South America as one country “Gran Colombia” When Bolivar realized he was never going to be able to unite South America into one country, he retired from politics (with poor health)

BOLIVAR’S LAST WORD * Simon Bolivar had taken up the cause of independence hoping to establish a new order where Latin American countries would be free, democratic, and federated (in agreement to work together.) Instead, upon his death, he saw a world in which dictators ruled and disunity reigned. Disgusted by what he saw, he gave this warning to future generations: “America is ungovernable for us. He who serves a revolution plows the sea.” MENU

THE QUESTION OF LAND AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE? NO! * Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the criollos could afford to buy them. * Thus, the criolles replaced the peninsulares at the top of the social pyramid, but other classes remained at the bottom of the ladder. EFFECTS