Early European Explorations & Conquests By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by C. Rhodes, GMHS
Earlier Explorations Malacca Europe Zheng He Marco Polo, 1271 Monarchs. Ships. Zheng He
Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Motives for European Exploration Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Population growth—demand for goods Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire Exploring the west coast of Africa. Bartolomeo Diaz, 1487. Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
“While Buddha came to China on white elephants, Christ was borne on cannon balls.” C.M. Cipolla
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Was Columbus a racist, an opportunist, an adventurer, a murderer, a loyal subject, or a missionary?
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony! Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers
Treasures from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade In Africa. Replaced Slavs 10 million Sugar 1518. 275,000 10 million
Slave Ship “Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World Encomienda or forced labor. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws 1542 Encomendaros revolt
New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products cross continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade