Chapter 4, Section 3 KEY IDEA During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order & greatness were restored in Egypt

The Middle Kingdom 2050 BC –1750 BC Maintaining pyramids too expensive, can’t collect enough taxes Nobles used power to gain control over pharaohs and ruled for 160 years without a central ruler This marks the end of the Old Kingdom

Middle Kingdom 2050 BC powerful Pharaoh, Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II-start of Middle Kingdom Hyskos (SW Asia) invade on horse drawn chariots, using advanced weapons and conquer Rule as pharaohs for 200 years Egyptians fought back

The New Kingdom Ahmose of Thebes declares himself Pharaoh-marks start of New Kingdom This is when Egypt reaches height of glory This invasion left the Egyptians feeling vulnerable. Before the Hyksos invasion, the desert had always protected them from outsiders. Technology had made their barrier obsolete.

The New Kingdom After the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt, the new rulers were determined to restore the power of Egypt. They wanted to build a vast strong empire. They used the technology of the Hyksos, bronze weapons an horse-drawn chariots, to become conquerors throughout the region. Conquered: Hyskos, Syria, eastern shore of Mediterranean, Kush

Hatshepsut- The Female Pharaoh 1472 BC – 1458 BC Hatshepsut was a female ruler of Egypt. She took over the role of ruler because her stepson, Thutmose III was just a child when he inherited the throne. She was more interested in creating a trade empire than waging war. She used the money to build great monuments in her honor

Queen H and Trade Sent traders to south to trade w/Kingdom of Punt on Red Sea & North to Asia Minor and Greece Money from trade was used to support arts and architecture She is known for her impressive Monuments

Hatshepsut- The Female Pharaoh 1472 BC – 1458 BC continued… One of her most known structures was a temple in Thebes, called Deir el-Bahari, “Monastery of the Sea”

Thutmose III 1458 BC – 1425 BC Thutemose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, is believed to have ordered her assassination. He has evidence of her existence erased. He was not interested in peaceful relations with his neighbors, instead he wanted to increase the area of the Egyptian empire.

Thutmose’s Empire During his rule, Thutmose III increased the Egyptian empire to include Syria, Palestine and Nubia

The Battle of Kadesh 1285 B.C Egyptians & Hittites competing for parts of Palestine. Neither side was able to claim victory. Ramses II and the Hittite king entered into a peace treaty, lasted nearly 20 years and brought peace to the region. This is the FIRST PEACE TREATY EVER!!

Egypt is Invaded Around 1200 B.C., after Ramses died, The “People of the Sea”, most likely Philistines or Phoenicians, invaded the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms. After 50 years of fighting, they turned back However, the Egyptian empire was unable to recover and never regained its power

Ramses (II) the Great Lived in Pi-Ramesse (city he built), “house of Ramses” Army captain age 10 As pharaoh, greatly increased size of his kingdom Considered last great Egyptian Pharaoh-no pharaoh could contain what he created Built: Temple of Karnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel

Karnak

Luxor

Abu Simbel

The Pharaohs and the Afterlife The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom did not want to suffer the fate of the earlier pharaohs whose bodies and treasure was looted from the pyramids. Instead of building their tombs in plain sight, they built their tombs hidden away in the desert away from tomb robbers and looters. They were buried near the city of Thebes in the Valley of the Kings.

The Valley of the Kings This is an aerial view of the Valley of the Kings

Tombs of the Pharaohs

Tombs and Treasure

STOP

The Libyans Take Control Their neighbors to the west took the opportunity to seize control of Egypt. The Libyans were able to easily defeat the disunited region. Instead of imposing their own culture upon the Egyptians, the Libyans adopted many ideas and practices of the Egyptians.

Nubia Restores The Egyptian Throne The Nubians (Sudan) had been connected to the Egyptians for over a thousand years. Their trade, governance and culture were intermixed. Nubia provided a trade corridor to the interior of Africa as well as a source of slaves and other trade goods.

Piankhi Defeats the Libyans After the invasions of the Libyans, the Nubians gained their independence. However, they did not cut their ties with Egypt. They saw themselves as the guardians of Egyptian culture. In 750 B.C. a strong Nubian king, Piankhi, from the kingdom of Kush defeated the Libyans and retook the Egyptian throne after 200 years of Libyan control.

Assyrians Defeat Kush The Kushite control of Egypt did not last long. In 671 B.C. the Assyrians, a war-like people from northern Mesopotamia, conquered the Nubian dynasty in Egypt. The royal family was forced to flee to the south where they settled in a coastal city of Meroë.

Meroë Become a Thriving City Under the control of the Kushites, Meroë becomes a thriving center for trade between Africa and Arabia and India. The Kushites found abundant supplies of iron ore not present in Egypt. Meroë became a main center for the manufacture of iron weapons and tools.

The End