Stockholm Convention Webinar 12 June 2012 Establishing inventories of POP-PBDEs listed under the Stockholm Convention Stockholm Convention Webinar 12 June 2012 Roland Weber 1

Why to develop a POP(-PBDE) Inventory ? POP inventories are the basis for prioritization, action plan development and for deciding on management strategies. It allows the assessment whether the current country situation meets the SC requirements and where not. It provide a basis for the reporting obligations. Helps to identify information gaps for prioritization and action plan development. To identify the need for further financial/technical support.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are industrial chemicals widely used as flame retardants since 1970s. PBDEs were produced at three degrees of bromination: Commercial Pentabromodiphenyl ether (c-PentaBDE), production (most probably) stopped in 2004. Commercial Octabromodiphenyl ether (c-OctaBDE) production (most probably) stopped in 2004. Commercial DecaBDE (c-DecaBDE) which is still produced. Stocks/Waste streams of electronics, vehicles, construction insulation materials, furniture with PUR foam relevant for all countries The Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention decided at the fourth meeting to list in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (c-PentaBDE) and/or commercial octabromodiphenyl ethers (c-OctaBDE) including tetrabromodiphenyl ether, pentabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromodiphenyl ether, and heptabromodiphenyl ether (POP-BDEs).

POP-BDEs in the Stockholm Convention COP4 listed certain congeners from c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE in Annex A including tetraBDE, pentaBDE, hexaBDE, and heptaBDE (POP-PBDEs). The Convention prohibits their use but contains a time-limited exemption for the recycling and use/reuse of articles that may contain POP-PBDEs. Prominent POP-PBDE congeners BDE-47 BDE-154 BDE-183 The Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention decided at the fourth meeting to list in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (c-PentaBDE) and/or commercial octabromodiphenyl ethers (c-OctaBDE) including tetrabromodiphenyl ether, pentabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromodiphenyl ether, and heptabromodiphenyl ether (POP-BDEs).

Life cycle of c-PentaBDE (adapted from Alcock et al.2003)

Life cycle of c-OctaBDE (adapted from Alcock et al.2003)

POP-PBDE Inventory Guidance Guide to identify/quantify articles containing POP-PBDEs in import/export, use, stockpiles, recycling and wastes; Provide guidance to estimate missing information required to complete the inventory; Give information for prioritization in POP-PBDE action plan; Assist with identifying gaps for legal and institutional framework for the control of POP-PBDEs

Content (Structure of this Guidance) Inventory Guidance for POP-BDEs (Chapter) 1) Former POP-PBDE production and uses (Chapter 2) Inventory Steps for POP-BDEs (Chapter 3) Inventory of POP-BDEs (Chapters 4-7) Electronics (Chapter 4) Transportation & end-of-life vehicles (Chapter 5) Other uses (Chapter 6) In use Recycle Waste Furniture Textiles Construction materials Contaminated sites (Chapter 7) Inventory report

STEPS TO CONDUCT A POP-PBDE INVENTORY Step 1: Planning the inventory Establish national inventory team Identify key stakeholders Define inventory scope Develop the work plan Step 2: Choosing data collection methodologies Tiered approach Step 3: Collecting and compiling data from key sectors EEE in use, stocks, in recycling and waste Transport sector and end-of-life vehicles Other uses (e.g. furniture, mattresses, textiles) Contaminated sites Step 4: Managing and evaluating the data Step 5: Preparing the inventory report

Step 1 – Planning of the Inventory 1. National inventory team: Multi-stakeholder inventory team with necessary competences and access to relevant inventory information for the different sectors. This team would comprise government ministries (chemicals and waste management), customs, private sectors, NGOs, research (working on POPs and resource/waste management and possibly material flows). 2. Identification of key stakeholders For the different sectors key stakeholders need to be contacted to get access to the necessary information in the different sectors. Depending on the needs and availability, stakeholders could become inventory team members or just support with data/information. 10

Step 1 – Planning of the Inventory 3. Objectives and scope : Setting objectives of the inventory and decide on scope considering the national circumstances Use outcomes of initial assessment for scope setting Consider availability/need of resources and capacity 4. Development of workplan: For the different inventory sectors Setting time frame Allocation of resources for planned activities <Make clear that the following slides is a description of the different stages in the overall inventory with examples on decisions on scopes and methodology> EEE and WEEE Transport Sector Other former Uses Contaminated sites 11

Step 2 – Choosing Methodology for data collection (Tiered approach) Resources (including. technical) Outputs/results Quantifications/Screening: Detailed understanding of problems in key sectors Site visits, sampling and analysis, Data collection from identified stakeholders Quantification; Scale of problems in key sectors / data gaps Desk study, consultations with stakeholders, information from customs Overview of focal sectors/ Definition of scope <If necessary go back and show the slide w figure on tired approach> Complexity of inventory TIER I Initial Assessment TIER II Preliminary inventory TIER III In depth inventory 12

FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, RUBBER Step 3 – Collecting and compiling data from sectors EEE/WEEE TRANSPORT CRT Monitor CONTAMINATED SITES RECYCLING FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, RUBBER

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and related waste (WEEE) Activities for WEEE management are currently developed under Basel Convention. If an inventory of EEE/WEEE was established it would be used for the POP-PBDE inventory. Vice versa: if an inventory of EEE/WEEE has not been developed then the development of a POP-PBDE inventory would be the start for developing an EEE/WEEE inventory. Synergy approach of the Basel and Stockholm Convention.

Inventory EEE and WEEE The inventory of POP-PBDEs EEE/WEEE should address: Imported (second-hand) EEE and WEEE EEE stocks (in use and stored) EEE entering the waste stream (WEEE). Recycling of WEEE polymers (own/imported polymer) Adopt of a three step approach: 1. Inventory of stocks and flows of EEE/WEEE. 2. Estimate polymer fraction in relevant EEE/WEEE. 3. Estimation of POP-BDEs content in these polymers.

POP-PBDE inventory plastics in EEE/WEEE Inventory considers relevant life cycle stages for data compilation of POP-PBDEs in plastic of EEE/WEEE PARTY/ COUNTRY Import EEE/WEEE (Section 4.3.4.1) EEE in use/stock (Section 4.3.4.2) End-of-Use Electronics End-of-Life Electronics (Section 4.3.4.3) Export (Sec. 4.3.4.1) Treatment (Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles) The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention (http://www.basel.int/ships/index.html), they are not included in the scope of this inventory. The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011). A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile. The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity. Import used plastics- for-recycling (Section 4.3.4.4) Thermal treatment Landfill WEEE plastics- for-recycling (Section 4.4.3.4) Export (Sec. 4.3.4.4)

Transport Sector Large material flows of goods and waste: Cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships End-of-life management: Recovery of materials and of managing pollutants. POP-PBDEs in transport: C-PentaBDE: major use in flexible PUR foams (seating; head rests; car ceilings, back-coating of textiles). C-OctaBDE: Minor use in plastics parts (dashboards; door panels, steering wheels; bumpers). (Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)

POP-PBDE inventory polymers in vehicles The inventory considers relevant life cycle stages for data compilation of POP-PBDEs in polymers of the transport sector PARTY/Country Import vehicles (Section 5.3.6) End-of-use vehicle End-of-life vehicles (Section 5.3.7) Vehicles in use/stock (Section 5.3.5) Export vehicles (Section 5.3.6) Treatment (Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles) The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention (http://www.basel.int/ships/index.html), they are not included in the scope of this inventory. The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011). A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile. The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity. Import polymers- for-recycling (Section 5.3.10; section 4.3.4.4) Plastic/PUR foam -for-recycling (Section 5.3.10) Landfill (Section 5.3.8) Thermal treatment Export polymers-for- recycling Section 5.3.10

POP-PBDE inventory transport sector Nigeria In a pilot project in Nigeria POP-PBDE inventories have been developed for vehicles (1980 to 2010) and EEE/WEEE sectors. (Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles) The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention (http://www.basel.int/ships/index.html), they are not included in the scope of this inventory. The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011). A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile. The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.

POP-PBDE in other uses Other former uses of POP-BDEs (furniture, mattresses, textiles, in construction, rubber, and drilling operation) are thought to be of minor relevance for most countries due to: Relative low overall use volumes of POP-BDEs in most of these other application (except c-PentaBDE in furniture); Lack of flammability standards in most countries for these use areas (standards for furniture e.g. in US and UK); Limited export of such flame retarded (used) articles from countries with flammability standards. Used couches are normaly not exported but used cars or used EEE

POP-PBDE in other uses Furniture/mattresses: Countries with flammability standards or imports from these countries. Textiles: Limited volume of c-PentaBDE has been used on textiles. Considering that Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is used in textile the sector will become more POPs relevant. Construction: C-PentaBDE in rigid PUR-foam in some regions. Considering that the main use of HBCDD is in insulation materials (XPS and EPS) the sector will become more POPs relevant.

CONTAMINATED SITES Fate of POP-PBDE contamination Biosolids   PBDEs Fate of POP-PBDE contamination Surface water Wastewater Treatment Plant Agriculture Domestic Sources Transportation Landfill & non-recycled waste Industrial Pollution Soil Groundwater Biosolids

Annexes to POP-PBDE Inventory Guidance 1 . SC-4/18: Listing of tetrabromodiphenyl and pentabromodiphenyl ether 2. SC-4/14 Listing of hexabromodiphenyl and heptabromodiphenyl ether 3. List of E-waste inventories from developing countries 4. Questionaire for EEE importers 5. Questionaire for households (EEE) 6. Questionaire for corporate and institutional consumers 7. Questionaire for recyclers 8. Case study on inventory of PBDEs in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and related waste (WEEE) 9. Case study on PBDE in the Transport Sector

Step 4 – Managing and evaluating the data Evaluation and improvement of the data Gaps and limitations of the inventory and measures needed to complete the inventory (possibly go to step 2 or 3) Evaluation if the obligations under the SC are fulfilled Evaluation of the need of notification exemptions for recycling/reuse under the Convention. The inventory data and the evaluation will be the basis for the development of an Action Plan for POP- PBDE containing materials and updating the NIP. Gaps, limitations and necessary actions will be valuable information in the NIP, and can be used for applying for funding 24

Step 4 – Managing and evaluating the data Data management Assessment what information to use for reporting Inventory data would be managed in a database Data shared with other (governmental) institutions. Data of EEE/WEEE and transport are valuable for the (waste) management of these material flows. 25

Step 5 – Preparing an inventory report The essential elements of the report: Objectives and scope Description of data methodology and data gathering Final results of the inventory in each sector considered a priority for that country (using a format to be provided in the guidelines, as such or adapted from that format) Results of the gap-analysis and limitations identified Further actions to complete inventory and recommendations. 26

Thank You for Your Attention http://www.pops.int ssc@pops.int