Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Part III Infancy Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy

Physical Development in Infancy Development Milestones of Infancy In one year, after the child is born, his height increases by one-half and his weight triples. Feeding moves from drinking only milk to eating solid food.

Physical Development in Infancy Brain Development Brain size grows from being twenty-five percent of the adult brain at birth to sixty percent at one year. At birth, the infant’s brain responds to its environment and wires new connections as the infant continues to interact with his environment. Neonatal Reflexes=innate, automatic responses to environment

Physical Development in Infancy Newborn Abilities Imitation of tongue movements Visual tracking of nearby objects Hearing and sound localization Actively seek out stimulation

Physical Development in Infancy Neonatal Assessment Techniques Apgar—tests heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color at birth and 3,5, and 10 minutes later. Neurological Assessment—tests reflexes Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale—tests infant’s state of consciousness and defensive reactions

Physical Development in Infancy Motor Development Development in cephalocaudal (head-to-feet) direction Development in proximodistal (center of body outward) direction Locomotion: crawlingcreepingstandingwalking

Physical Development in Infancy Neonatal Problems Failure to Thrive Organic—physical cause, i.e.,gastrointestinal Nonorganic—non-physical, i.e. poverty, neglect Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) No warning; child stops breathing Occurs mostly between two and four months Sleeping Disorders Child is not able to go to sleep easily Child wakes frequently at night

Physical Development in Infancy Neonatal Problems Respiratory Distress Syndrome=hyaline membrane disease Usually found in premature infants Lungs do not work properly and can collapse making breathing impossible

Perceptual Development The Meaning of Perception Getting and interpreting information from stimuli Perception is dependent upon both learning and maturation Visual Perception Perceptual Discrimination—preference for patterns Visual Adaptation—visual cliff measures depth and distance perception

Perceptual Development Auditory Perception Auditory Discrimination present at birth Can recognize mother’s voice at birth

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period: Child interacts with environment using senses and mobility Criticisms of Piaget: Ages of stages not universally accurate Information Processing in Infancy: Stage Development, i.e. Piaget Gradual improvement of cognitive skills=Information Processing Theory

Language Development Acquiring Their Language Acquisition follows universal sequence Requires interaction between maturation and environmental reinforcement Key Signs of Language Development Crying, Cooing, Babbling, Single Words, Two Words, Phrases Sounds to Words