Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages

Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages

Section 1 – The Crusades Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved. Objectives Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades? What happened during the Crusades? What were the effects of the Crusades?

I. Launching the Crusades European Christians decided to take Jerusalem and Holy Land away from Muslims

I. Launching the Crusades Late 1000s – Fatimids controlled Jerusalem; Turkish Muslims took control of SW Asia - persecuted visiting Christians

I. Launching the Crusades 1071 – Turks destroyed Byzantine army; Emperor turned to Pope Urban II for help

I. Launching the Crusades Council in Clermont, France - called for a Crusade against Turks; thousands volunteered

II. Fighting the Crusades 1096 - First Crusade; total of nine Crusades between 1096 and 1291

II. Fighting the Crusades Two groups of Crusaders: peasants and knights

II. Fighting the Crusades Peasants eager to fight any non-Christians - massacred Jews; defeated by Turkish army In 1096 Peter the Hermit, a native of Amiens in France, led 20,000 commoners out of Cologne on the Peasants' Crusade. They sacked a number of Christian cities and killed many Jews before they reached Constantinople.

II. Fighting the Crusades Knights traveled for three years; the siege of Jerusalem a victory for Crusaders; established four states in Holy Land

II. Fighting the Crusades 1144 - Muslims took city of Edessa; Second Crusade launched in 1147 - a failure

II. Fighting the Crusades 1177 - Saladin overthrew Fatimids, became a sultan, drove Christians out of Jerusalem

II. Fighting the Crusades 1189 – Third Crusade launched by three kings; only Richard the Lion-Hearted fought in Holy Land

II. Fighting the Crusades Richard and Saladin were enemies but respected each other; Richard unable to retake Jerusalem or Holy Land

II. Fighting the Crusades 1201 - Fourth Crusade failed; attacked Zara, a Christian city and were excommunicated; then sacked Constantinople

II. Fighting the Crusades Five more Crusades, all were failures; by 1291 all Christians driven out of Holy Land

III. Effects of the Crusades Economic changes: Crusades enhanced and increased trade; changing European economy

III. Effects of the Crusades Political changes – many Crusaders died; kings/nobles took their land, gaining more power

III. Effects of the Crusades Social Changes: Intolerance of other cultures - non-Christians became enemies, more persecution of Jews